Effects of co-exposure to atrazine and ethanol on the oxidative damage of kidney and liver in Wistar rats

Abstract

Both ethanol (EtoH) and atrazine (ATZ) have hepatic and nephro-toxic effects in rats. In the present study, the toxicity of EtoH (5 g kg) on the kidney and liver in the absence or in the presence of different doses of ATZ (50, 100, 300 mg kg) was evaluated after 21 days in rats. Results showed that the mixture effects on catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were more severe in both tissues compared to EtoH alone, especially as the dose of ATZ was increased. Hepatic malondialdehyde level (an index of lipid peroxidation) was increased from 20.32% in the EtoH +50 mg kg ATZ-treated rats to 34% in the EtoH +300 mg kg ATZ-treated rats compared to the EtoH values. Renal malondialdehyde values remain as high as 81% in the EtoH-treated rats and the different combine exposure groups. Furthermore, as the dose of ATZ in the mixture was increased, serum uric acid level increased compared to the EtoH values. When the EtoH +300 mg kg ATZ-animals were pretreated with curcumin (an antioxidant), the histopathological changes and peroxidative damages in both tissues were blocked. The exposure of EtoH-treated rats to ATZ enhanced renal and hepatic peroxidative damages in rats.

Bisphenol A Causes Liver Damage and Selectively Alters the Neurochemical Coding of Intrahepatic Parasympathetic Nerves in Juvenile Porcine Models under Physiological Conditions

“…Exposure of endogenous wildlife to a popular insecticide also caused observable hepatic damage in a similar way to that of CCl4 [ 30 ]. Furthermore, life-saving drugs such as the antiretroviral HIV treatment azidothymidine (AZT) and popular anti-cancer chemotherapy medications have been shown to cause similar hepatic trauma [ 31 , 32 ]. What all of these potentially hepatotoxic compounds have in common is vascular congestion, vacuolar degeneration, and quite often oversized mitochondria, which is a sign of mitochondrial damage [ 25 ].…”

Atrazine Induced Histopathological Alterations in the Liver of Adult Male Mice

“…One liver injury mechanism is mitochondrial dysfunction through free radicals generation (Sagarkar et al, 2016).These radicals damage mitochondrial DNA (Rasgele et al, 2015). Consequently, some chemicals may cause hepatocellular necrosis, rapid disorganization of the hepatic architecture, breakdown of sinusoidal structures and pooling of blood in the liver through these mechanisms (Abarikwu et al, 2017). It is reported that ATZ induces oxidative stress in rat tissues and that the oxidative stress was associated with increased lipid peroxidation and changes in the anti-oxidative system.…”

Lycopene Triggers Nrf2–AMPK Cross Talk to Alleviate Atrazine-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice

“…In addition, ATR exposure caused DNA methylation in the head kidney of common carp and DNA fragmentation in rat adrenal cortex . The exposure of ATR enhanced renal peroxidative damages. ,− ATR induced renal injury by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway in rats . Moreover, ATR-induced nephrotoxicity has repeatedly been associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, increased monocyte–macrophages infiltration, and apoptosis.…”

“…ATR induces oxidative damage, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis in several studies of in vivo and in vitro models. − The neurotoxic, − hepatotoxic, − and nephrotoxic effects of ATR in both in in vivo and in vitro experimental models are also well-known. The risk of nephrotoxicity has elevated with increasing cumulative dose and frequency of administration of ATR.…”