“…In this technique, a keen research interest is to clarify the mechanisms of the interfacial bond-slip behaviour between the FRP and the concrete substrate (Teng et al, 2002; Ueda and Dai, 2005). However, almost all existing theoretical and numerical studies on the debonding failure in FRP-strengthened concrete joints and structures have treated concrete as a homogeneous material (Chen et al, 2011; Jiang et al, 2023; Lu et al, 2005b; Pham and Al-Mahaidi, 2007; Yang et al, 2003) and ignored its heterogeneous nature, although limited experimental studies revealed that the meso-scale composition of a thin layer of concrete above the interface significantly affects the bond strength of FRP-concrete joints (Barham et al, 2019; Mostofinejad et al, 2019; Mukhtar, 2019; Pan et al, 2007).…”