Effects of Cold Temperature, Moisture and Freeze-Thaw Cycles on the Mechanical Properties of Unidirectional Glass Fiber-Epoxy Composites

Cormier, Laurent; Joncas, Simon

doi:10.2514/6.2010-2823

Cited by 16 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, as stated by Christensen [32], common micromechanical models such as the rules of mixtures are limited in precision. Experimental evidences by Cormier and Joncas [33] also suggest that this formulation does not accurately predict S u at low temperature for UD glass-epoxy composites.…”

Section: S U (T) Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first two sources are recent and independent research programmes including quasi-static and fatigue test campaigns on UD glass-epoxy composites at different temperatures: the European Upwind [37,36] project and the Canadian WESNet programme [33,3]. The third source is an older data set by Sims and Gladman [1].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on results from two experimental investigations on the topic of temperature effects on fatigue life of UD glass-epoxy composites -the European Upwind [37,36] project and the Canadian Wind Energy Strategic Network (WESNet) [33,3] -it has been determined that there is a correlation between the effects of temperature on S u and α. This correlation obeys equation 8 and is shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: α(T) Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However such a formulation suggests that the strength at low temperatures would be the same as that at room temperature, which is contrary to experimental evidence for glass-epoxy. [36,37,33,1,38] Kawai et al [39] also used a scaled hyperbolic tangent for describing the tensile and compressive strength evolution as a function of temperature for their constant life diagram (CLD) formulation. In this specific formulation, the hyperbolic tangent was scaled so that it would present a strength plateau either at low or at high temperature.…”

Section: S U (T) Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The regressions are performed on the mean strength, but the standard deviations are also provided to the curve_fit procedure for weighting purpose. Parameters for the S u (T) relationship are evaluated for materials from Upwind [36], Sims and Gladman [1] and Cao et al [35] As the WESNet [33] material was only tested at two temperatures, the data are too scarce to fit the model.…”

Section: Computational Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Modelling the effect of temperature on the probabilistic stress–life fatigue diagram of glass fibre–polymer composites loaded in tension along the fibre direction

Cormier

Joncas

2017

Journal of Composite Materials

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Predicting the fatigue performance of composites has proven to be a challenge both conceptually, due to the inherent complexity of the phenomenon, and practically, because of the resource-intensive process of fatigue testing. Moreover, mechanical behaviour of polymer matrix composites exhibits a complicated temperature dependence, making the prediction of fatigue performance under different temperatures even more complex and resource intensive. The objective of this paper is to provide a method for the prediction of fatigue life of glass-polymer composites loaded in the fibre direction at various temperatures with minimal experimental efforts. This is achieved by using a static strength degradation approach to fatigue modelling, where only two parameters (including static strength) are temperature dependent, in conjunction with relationships for these two fatigue model parameters temperature dependence. The method relies on fatigue data at a single temperature and simple static tests at different temperatures to predict the effects of temperature on the material's fatigue behaviour. The model is validated on experimental data for two unidirectional (UD) and one woven glass-epoxy composites and is found to accurately predict the effect of temperature on fatigue life of composites. A method to obtain probabilistic stress-life (P − S − N) fatigue diagrams including temperature effects is also discussed. 1

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Section: S U (T) Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: α(T) Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: S U (T) Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Computational Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling the effect of temperature on the probabilistic stress–life fatigue diagram of glass fibre–polymer composites loaded in tension along the fibre direction

Cormier

Joncas

2017

Journal of Composite Materials

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Infusible Thermoplastic Composites for Wind Turbine Blade Manufacturing: Fatigue Life of Thermoplastic Laminates under Ambient and Low‐Temperature Conditions

et al. 2023

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Traditionally, thermoset resins such as polyesters (PE) and epoxies are used as the polymer matrix for construction of wind turbine blades. However, concern about their end‐of‐life treatment garners interest to use thermoplastics for increased recyclability. However, the high viscosity of molten thermoplastics inhibits their use in manufacturing wind turbine blades with injection or compression molding. A recently developed, infusible, reactive thermoplastic resin overcomes this technological barrier. Toward verifying that this recyclable resin is suitable for use in wind turbine blades, a dataset of R = 0.1 and R = 10 fatigue data for glass fiber–reinforced acrylic composites is provided and equal fatigue life to industry standard epoxy and unsaturated PE resin systems is demonstrated. Specifically, R = 0.1 fatigue data for acrylic composites at room temperature and −30 °C for verification of low‐temperature performance are tabulated. To elucidate failure mechanisms, in situ mechanical testing with X‐ray computed tomography demonstrates that damage accumulation occurs by crack propagation along the fiber–matrix interface under cyclic loading. Infrared (IR) thermography predicts failure points in composites specimens with porosity defects introduced from nonideal manufacturing processes. Furthermore, these manufacturing defects are shown to compromise the fatigue life of the acrylic laminates by an order of magnitude.

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Effects of low temperature on the mechanical properties of glass fibre–epoxy composites: static tension, compression, R = 0.1 and R =− 1 fatigue of ±45° laminates

2015

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Effects of cold climate exposure on composite material structures are scarcely documented. As a result, even if exceptional wind conditions prevail in some cold regions, uncertainties related to composite materials durability at low temperatures may hinder development of wind energy projects in those regions. Therefore, as part of the Wind Energy Strategic Network (WESNet) of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, efforts were made to evaluate the effects of cold climate exposure on the mechanical properties of glass-epoxy composites. Tensile and compressive quasi-static tests as well as tensile (R = 0.1) and fully-reversed (R = −1) fatigue tests were performed on vacuum-infused [±45] 2s glass-epoxy composites at -40 and 23 . Results for quasi-static tests show an increase of tensile, compressive and shear strengths and moduli at low temperatures. It is also demonstrated that for the stress range under scrutiny, fatigue performance is improved at −40 for both the R = 0.1 and R = −1 loading cases. Moreover, the failure mode for R = −1 fatigue changed from compressive failure due to buckling of delaminated plies to tensile failure, suggesting a more efficient use of the material. However, if R = −1 fatigue results at low temperature are extrapolated towards the very low stresses that are also part of wind turbine blades fatigue load spectrum, fatigue life may be degraded compared to that at ambient temperature. Finally, evidence of visco-elastic behaviour leading to changes in s − N curve slope parameter are reported. 1

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Effects of Cold Temperature, Moisture and Freeze-Thaw Cycles on the Mechanical Properties of Unidirectional Glass Fiber-Epoxy Composites

Cited by 16 publications

References 12 publications

Modelling the effect of temperature on the probabilistic stress–life fatigue diagram of glass fibre–polymer composites loaded in tension along the fibre direction

Modelling the effect of temperature on the probabilistic stress–life fatigue diagram of glass fibre–polymer composites loaded in tension along the fibre direction

Infusible Thermoplastic Composites for Wind Turbine Blade Manufacturing: Fatigue Life of Thermoplastic Laminates under Ambient and Low‐Temperature Conditions

Effects of low temperature on the mechanical properties of glass fibre–epoxy composites: static tension, compression, R = 0.1 and R =− 1 fatigue of ±45° laminates

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