“…The latter lays emphasis on the mental processes that learners engage in when they experience a language deficit, with the effect that the focus is primarily on compensatory devices, the classifications are thus much more parsimonious and the value of instruction in CSs is denied in line with the belief that such strategies can be transferred from the L1. These two approaches have triggered a spate of research projects, mainly in the 1980s and 1990s, that have aimed, among other things, to identify and describe the CSs used in different situations (e.g., Nakahama, Tyler, & van Lier, 2001), to gauge factors mediating their employment, such as proficiency, task type, cognitive style or willingness to communicate (e.g., Hsieh, 2014;Littlemore, 2001;Mesgarshahr & Abdollahzadeh, 2014;Pawlak, 2009), and to look into the effects of instruction targeting CSs (e.g., Benson, Fischer, Geluso, & Joo, 2013;Nakatani, 2005;Pawlak, 2005;Teng, 2012).…”