Effects of Competition Rule Changes on the Incidence of Head Kicks and Possible Concussions in Taekwondo

Koh, Jae-Ok; Voaklander, Don

doi:10.1097/jsm.0000000000000244

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Many injuries have been reported to occur above the chest protector area, such as the head, face, and neck, in previous Taekwondo competitions [20,24]. In particular, many severe injuries, such as concussion caused by a powerful impact from the kick of the opponent, have been observed [20,24,30]. However, we noticed a change in the injury profile since 2017 in the Muju WTC, where a newly improved PSS system was adopted [3].…”

Section: Location and Cause Of Injury Based On Diagnosis In Wtcmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…The injury profiles of the 2017 and 2019 WTCs were similar as a result of the competition strategy of athletes to gain scores by making slight contact with the headgear sensor with their feet, rather than kicking, which can transfer powerful impact [22]. Apart from factors such as the fun and performance of Taekwondo competitions, the improvement of competition rules, protective equipment, and the PSS implemented by World Taekwondo can be evaluated as quite positive in terms of reducing injury incidence and concussions [22,30].…”

Section: Location and Cause Of Injury Based On Diagnosis In Wtcmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Incidence of Sport Injuries in the Manchester 2019 World Taekwondo Championships: A Prospective Study of 936 Athletes from 145 Countries

Jeong

O’Sullivan

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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We aimed to describe injury incidence and patterns at the 2019 World Taekwondo Championships (WTC), and to compare them with those of previous WTCs, based on new World Taekwondo (WT) competition rules, medical codes, and the Protector and Scoring System (PSS). This prospective cohort study utilized data obtained through the WT Injury Surveillance System. All athletes with injuries were evaluated by on-site sports medicine specialists, and ultrasonography was used to assess all musculoskeletal injuries. Of 936 athletes, 60 injuries were recorded (6.4 injuries/100 athletes, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 4.8–8.0), and 4.5% (n = 42) sustained at least one injury. Males had a higher risk of sustaining injuries than females (incidence rate ratio: 1.57; 95% CI: 0.89–2.76). The most common sites, type, and mechanism were lower extremities (n = 26, 43.33%), contusion/hematoma/bruises (n = 33, 55.0%), and contact with another athlete (n = 50, 83.33%). Overall, the injury patterns associated with the mechanism of injury were similar in both the 2019 and 2017 WTCs. Refined WT competition rules and a re-established PSS at the 2019 WTC reduced the overall and severe injury incidence. Our findings can help revise Taekwondo competition rules, enhance protective equipment, optimize on-site venue medical systems, and develop injury prevention projects.

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Section: Location and Cause Of Injury Based On Diagnosis In Wtcmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Location and Cause Of Injury Based On Diagnosis In Wtcmentioning

confidence: 96%

Incidence of Sport Injuries in the Manchester 2019 World Taekwondo Championships: A Prospective Study of 936 Athletes from 145 Countries

Jeong

O’Sullivan

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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“…As demonstrated in this review and previous research on adult athletes [70], athletes experience higher rates of SRC during competition in comparison to practice. Importantly, rule changes that award competitors more points for successful kicks to the head have led to an increase in the incidence and severity of head injuries [71,72]. These rule changes took place after the data collection period of studies included in this review, and therefore it is important to consider the impact these changes have on future concussion incidence in taekwondo for youth athletes.…”

Section: Incidence Of Concussion By Player Hoursmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Incidence of Sports-Related Concussion in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Ingram,

Fielding,

Dunne

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background Sport-related concussions (SRC) are a concern for young athletes due to the potential for long-term health problems. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature exploring SRC incidence in youth sports to understand the associated risks. Methods Medline, Embase, SportDiscus, PsycInfo, and Web of Science databases were searched without language restrictions until March 2023. Studies were included if they i) reported data for calculation of SRC incidence, ii) were a prospective cohort study, and iii) included a sample aged ≤ 18 years. Studies that reported Athlete Exposure (AE) or Player Hours (PH) as SRC incidence data measures were included in a multi-level random-effects meta-analysis. Additional analysis explored SRC incidence based on age, gender, country, year of data collection, setting, and level of contact. Results Of the 5833 studies reviewed for eligibility, 109 studies were accepted for a systematic review and 93 in the meta-analysis. The pooled incidence rate of SRC per 1,000 AE was found to be 1.41 across 21 sports, and 4.16 per 1,000 PH across 7 sports. The highest incidence per 1,000 AE were in taekwondo, rugby union, and ice hockey, and the highest incidence per 1,000 PH were in rugby 7’s, rugby league, and rugby union. Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis can serve as an updated baseline for risk of concussion among youth athletes across various sports. Registration: This systematic review was registered on OSF registries (https://osf.io/v298s).

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“…In recent years, some scholars (Gulledge and Dapena, 2008;Xu et al, 2019;Vales-Alonso et al, 2023) have suggested that the main indicators of successful kicks are influenced by various factors, including the speed of the athlete's kicking motion, the distance from the target, timing, psychological attributes, as well as the opponent's stance, positioning, the competition environment, and lighting conditions. With the gradual improvement of Taekwondo rules and tactical systems, the occurrence of "missed" roundhouse kicks can negatively impact the effectiveness of kicking techniques (Falco et al, 2013), tactical planning (Ouergui et al, 2013), match outcomes (Ambroży et al, 2020), and even increase the risk of non-contact acute knee injuries (Jae-Ok and Voaklander, 2016;Jeong and Chun B, 2022). Therefore, reducing the incidence of "missed" roundhouse kicks is of fundamental importance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower limb electromyographic characteristics and implications of taekwondo roundhouse kick “hit” and “miss” actions

Sun,

Wang,

Dong

2024

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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To compare the muscular characteristics of “hit” and “miss” actions in roundhouse kicks among taekwondo athletes, and explore the similarities, differences, and implications for training, motion tests were conducted on ten taekwondo athletes using Noraxon32 and VICON. The results showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in integrated electromyography (EMG) during the initiation and kicking phases between “miss” and “hit” actions. However, during the retraction phase, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the left rectus femoris, left peroneus longus, right biceps femoris, right semitendinosus, and right tibialis anterior muscles. The tibialis anterior muscle of the swinging leg was activated first in the “hit” action, while the biceps femoris was activated first in the “miss” action. The supporting-side rectus femoris was activated first in the “hit” action, whereas it was the biceps femoris in the “miss” action. In both techniques, the gluteus maximus was the last muscle to be activated. The “miss” action had a longer cycle, and the duration of muscle work was longer than in the “hit” action. During the retraction phase of the front leg roundhouse kick, the muscles worked more than during the kicking phase, with the erector spinae and tibialis anterior being the core force-producing muscles in both techniques, characterized by high EMG values and long activation times. In the “miss” action, the thigh muscles drove the calf muscles, while the “hit” action exhibited the opposite pattern. “Hit” actions had a faster cycle compared to “miss,” with greater force generation in “miss.” The hip flexors and knee extensors of the kicking leg were the core force-producing muscles during the kicking process, determining the effectiveness and completion of the action.

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Effects of Competition Rule Changes on the Incidence of Head Kicks and Possible Concussions in Taekwondo

Abstract: The recent changes to competition rules promoting the use of HKs may have resulted in an increasing frequency of HKs compared with research findings before these changes. Multiple HKs occur frequently in S-TKD; care needs to be taken to avoid possible acute/chronic consequences.

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

Incidence of Sport Injuries in the Manchester 2019 World Taekwondo Championships: A Prospective Study of 936 Athletes from 145 Countries

Incidence of Sport Injuries in the Manchester 2019 World Taekwondo Championships: A Prospective Study of 936 Athletes from 145 Countries

The Incidence of Sports-Related Concussion in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Lower limb electromyographic characteristics and implications of taekwondo roundhouse kick “hit” and “miss” actions

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