Effects of compression on recombinant battery separator mats in valve-regulated lead–acid batteries

McGregor, Katherine; Hollenkamp, Anthony F.; Barber, Marcus; Huynh, Thuy Diem; Özgün, Hale; Phyland, C.G.; Urban, Andrew J.; Vella, Daniele; Vu, L.H.

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(97)02782-1

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Such a complex 3D porous structure forms a tortuous path for the movement of the electrolyte within an AGM separator. The synergy between the porous structure of AGM separator, constituent fiber dimensions and level of compression forces within the battery play a vital role in mediating the electrolyte uptake [11][12][13]19,24]. Given the fact that the fiber alignment within an AGM separator dictates the 3D pore geometry [15], it is imperative to determine the 3D fiber orientation distribution [21].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, the wicking characteristics of AGM separators are governed by fiber properties (diameter, length, wetting characteristics), structural parameters (porosity, pore geometry, bulk density), and compression hysteresis developed as a result of charge and discharge modes of the battery [4,[11][12][13][14][15]. In the seminal work of Culpin [16], an attempt was made to predict the wicking characteristics of AGM separators using well-known Lucas-Washburn [17,18] equation specifically for a short time duration (~8 mins).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal design of absorptive glass mat (AGM) separator with fastest electrolyte uptake using X-ray micro-computed tomography

Rawal

Rao

Kumar

et al. 2019

Journal of Energy Storage

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Valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries are traditionally classified on the basis of gel and absorptive glass mat (AGM) separators. To fulfill the desired functions of AGM batteries, a key design feature of the separator relies on the uptake of the electrolyte in shortest transport time. Herein, we present a three-dimensional (3D) analytical model to predict the fastest electrolyte uptake in AGM separators based upon the optimal set of fiber and structural parameters. The predictive model has utilized 3D data of fiber orientation in AGM separators, obtained via X-ray micro-computed tomography analysis. Such realistic structural information of AGM has assisted in simulating the separators made up of cheaper coarser glass fibers, which was subsequently benchmarked with the experimental samples consisting of finer fibers for attaining the fastest electrolyte uptake. Through theoretical modeling, a design criterion has successfully evolved for the fastest electrolyte uptake by mapping the key effects of the fiber diameter, 3D fiber orientation distribution and porosity of AGM separators. In general, high-density AGM separators comprising of preferentially aligned coarser fibers tend to attain the fastest electrolyte uptake.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal design of absorptive glass mat (AGM) separator with fastest electrolyte uptake using X-ray micro-computed tomography

Rawal

Rao

Kumar

et al. 2019

Journal of Energy Storage

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“…Separated interfaces and cracks disappeared because of the swelling of the active materials, 21,22 and there was severe deterioration in the active materials, which appeared as a colloidal structure. 5,23,24 Pores larger than 100 µm and agglomerated active material (white color in SEM photograph) are shown in Figure 7(b) and (c).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Safety Valve Pressure on Gelled Electrolyte Valve-Regulated Lead/Acid Batteries Under Deep Cycling Applications

2002

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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Cycle life tests have been carried out to evaluate the influence of safety valve pressure on valve regulated lead/ acid batteries under deep cycling applications. Batteries were cycled at 5 hour rates at 100% DOD, and safety valve pressure was set to 1.08 and 2.00 bar, respectively. The batteries lost 248.3 g and 235.3 g of water for each case after about 1,200 cycles, but the cyclic performances of the batteries were comparable. Most of the gas of the battery during discharging was hydrogen, and the oxygen concentration increased to 18% after 3 hours of charging. The micro structure of the positive active materials was completely changed and the corrosion layer of the positive grid was less than 50 µm, regardless of the pressure of the safety valve after cycle life tests. The cause of discharge capacity decrease was found to be water loss and the shedding of the positive active materials. The pressure of safety valve does not give little effect to the cyclic performances and the failure modes of the gelled electrolyte valve-regulated lead acid batteries.

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“…20 The active materials of the cylindrical battery are further compressed compared to the flat battery, which is beneficial to enhance the material utilization and prolong the lifespan (Figure 3C,D). 28,29,36 However, permanent sulfation and sulfuric acid F I G U R E 2 Development and demonstration application of LABs and ASIBs. (A) Reproduced with permission.…”

Section: Battery Structure and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“… 20 The active materials of the cylindrical battery are further compressed compared to the flat battery, which is beneficial to enhance the material utilization and prolong the lifespan (Figure 3C,D). 28,29,36 However, permanent sulfation and sulfuric acid stratification occur during the cycling, resulting in undesired overcharge, capacity decay, and premature battery failure 37–41 …”

Section: Comparisons Between Asibs and Labsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Issues and challenges facing aqueous sodium‐ion batteries toward practical applications

Rao,

Chen,

et al. 2023

Battery Energy

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Aqueous sodium‐ion batteries (ASIBs) have attracted widespread attention in the energy storage and conversion fields due to their benefits in high safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, compared with the sodium‐ion batteries born in the same period, the commercialization of ASIB has been significantly delayed. Although great efforts have been made on the electrode/electrode design and interface regulation, the performance of ASIBs is far from the practical requirements. This review first comprehensively compared ASIBs and lead acid batteries in terms of battery structure, performance, sustainable manufacturing, circular economy, and environmental impact. Then, the issues and challenges relevant to the unfavorable behaviors of ASIBs are discussed in detail, such as low energy density caused by narrow electrochemical stability window of water, limited choice of electrode materials, unstable electrode/electrolyte interface, immature battery manufacturing technology, and so forth. We hope that this review provides pertinent insight into the research focus and rational design of applicable ASIBs.

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Effects of compression on recombinant battery separator mats in valve-regulated lead–acid batteries

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Optimal design of absorptive glass mat (AGM) separator with fastest electrolyte uptake using X-ray micro-computed tomography

Optimal design of absorptive glass mat (AGM) separator with fastest electrolyte uptake using X-ray micro-computed tomography

Influence of Safety Valve Pressure on Gelled Electrolyte Valve-Regulated Lead/Acid Batteries Under Deep Cycling Applications

Issues and challenges facing aqueous sodium‐ion batteries toward practical applications

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