Rectification
phenomena occurring in asymmetric channels are essential
for the design of novel nanofluidic devices such as nanodiodes. Previous
studies mostly focus on ion current rectification, while its correlations
with water dynamics are rarely explored. In this work, we analyze
the transport of water and ions through asymmetric graphene channels
under the drive of electric fields using molecular dynamics simulations.
A key observation is that the water flux also exists in the rectification
phenomenon that follows the ion flux behaviors because of their dynamical
coupling relation in electric fields, and both their rectification
ratios exhibit maximum behaviors with the change of the channel opening
ratio. This is because the ion dehydration is highly asymmetric for
small opening ratios. In addition, the cations and anions have distinct
rectification ratios that are strongly dependent on the field strength,
where the values for anions can even be 1–2 orders larger.
This can be attributed to their different hydration shell and dehydration
processes in the graphene channel. The translocation time of ions
displays a power law relation with the field strength, in agreement
with the prediction by Langevin dynamics. Due to the exclude-volume
effect, the occupancy of water and ions shows a clear competition
and thus changes in an opposite trend with the field strength. Our
results demonstrate the rectification correlations between water and
ions, and tuning the geometry of graphene channels provides a simple
and robust new route to achieve high rectification ratios.