Effects of continuous sonication on laminar convective heat transfer inside a tube using water–TiO2 nanofluid

Heat transfer augmentation in a tube using nanofluids under constant heat flux boundary condition: A review

“…Sonication process was found to be more effective at higher concentrations because without sonication, agglomeration and sedimentation plays an important role. Experiments conducted by Rayatzadeh et al [59] using water/TiO 2 nanofluids are depicted in Fig. 8.…”

“…Rayatzadeh et al [59] performed their experiments on TiO 2 nanoparticles in distilled water to study pressure drop and heat transfer. The study was performed with and without continuous ultrasonic field.…”

Experimental investigation of the convective heat transfer characteristics of TiO2/distilled water nanofluids under constant heat flux boundary condition

“…Earlier research groups [8,13] have taken constant Reynolds number as the basis of comparison between the nanofluids of different concentrations and distilled water. Yu et al [29,30] stated that the Reynolds number is an unsuitable basis for comparing the convective heat transfer characteristics of a nanofluid in comparison with the distilled water.…”

“…A wide range of experimental and theoretical studies has been carried out on the internal forced convective heat transfer of nanofluids with different boundary conditions in laminar [5] and turbulent [6,7] flows. Rayatzadeh et al [8] investigated the convective heat transfer and pressure drop of TiO 2 /distilled water nanofluids under constant heat flux boundary condition. This experiment has been performed with and without a continuous induced ultrasonic field.…”

A comprehensive review of experimental investigations of forced convective heat transfer characteristics for various nanofluids

“…At a Reynolds number of 11800, with 2.0% nanoparticles volume fraction the enhancement in the Nusselt number was observed to be about 8% for nanofluid. Rayatzadeh et al (2013) studied the convective heat transfer and pressure drop with and without continuous induced ultrasonic field in the reservoir tank containing nanofluid. Investigations were performed with volume concentration up to 0.25% for laminar flow regime.…”