Effects of Counterarguments and Refutations on Evaluations of Written Arguments:

Evaluation of Persuasive Writing by Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students: Impression Ratings and Related Linguistic Information

“…Additionally, the compositions that included refuting counterarguments [Y2] had higher impression ratings. Refuting counterarguments, which were used as argument structure to persuasive, would have a positive e ect on the quality of persuasive writing (Onoda & Suzuki, 2017). Based on these ndings, since some high school students have diculty expressing their own arguments with structure, the related instruction must focus on the arguments structure.…”

Effects of redundant similes on persuasiveness in written arguments

“…This study used 10 target arguments and 10 redundant similes incorporated into them. The target arguments were based on the 2009) study and were extracted by Onoda and Suzuki (2017) to be comprehensible for Japanese university students; Onoda and Suzuki (2017) asked university students in Japan to rate their comprehension and agreement with 35 arguments in Wolfe et al (2009) and chose the target arguments that participants adequately understood, and their positions were not extremely biased. The target arguments comprised "claim, my-side reason, counterargument, rebuttal, and claim" (e.g., [Claim] Elementary school students should not be given too much homework.…”

“…This study required "redundant similes" that are likely to be commonly used in writing by students without specialized knowledge. First, four university students (a man and three women), who were not majors in Japanese literature or Japanese-language education and had no expertise in similes or metaphors, were presented 10 target arguments (Onoda and Suzuki, 2017) and asked to produce as many similes as could be incorporated into the sentences of my-side reason in the arguments. Next, from the collected similes, the first and second authors and one university student who understood the purpose of this study chose three similes that were understandable in the context of the arguments for each argument topic; a total of 30 similes (10 topics × 3 similes) were chosen.…”

“…On the second, third, and fourth pages, we presented the sentences of my-side reason, counterargument, and rebuttal and asked the participants to rate the persuasiveness on a 5-point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) for each sentence. The question items for rating persuasiveness (Onoda and Suzuki, 2017) comprised "coherence, " "irrefutability, " "logic, " "persuasiveness, " "fairness, " "interest, " and "dislike. " On the fifth page, we showed the whole argument, including the fifth sentence of claim, and asked the participants to rate the persuasiveness of the whole argument on a 5-point scale.…”