Effects of Covering Behavior and Exposure to a Predatory Crab Charybdis japonica on Survival and HSP70 Expression of Juvenile Sea Urchins Strongylocentrotus intermedius

Zhao, Chong; Ji, Nanjing; Zhang, Binglong; Sun, Ping; Wang, Feng; Wei, Jing; Chang, Yaqing

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097840

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…We found that slow‐moving urchins were more likely to survive encounters with lobsters (Figure ), whereas covering behavior did not predict urchin survival on its own. This is consistent with findings suggesting that active prey are more likely to succumb to predation (Huey & Pianka, ; Perry, ), particularly with sedentary predators, and that urchin covering behavior does not regularly predict survival in a direct manner (Zhao et al, ). Urchin size also did not predict survival directly.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Predator‐induced selection on urchin activity level depends on urchin body size

et al. 2019

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Temporally consistent individual differences in behavior impact many ecological processes. We simultaneously examined the effects of individual variation in prey activity level, covering behavior, and body size on prey survival with predators using an urchin–lobster system. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that slow‐moving purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) and urchins who deploy extensive substrate (pebbles and stones) covering behavior will out‐survive active urchins that deploy little to no covering behavior when pitted against a predator, the California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus). We evaluated this hypothesis by first confirming whether individual urchins exhibit temporally consistent differences in activity level and covering behavior, which they did. Next, we placed groups of four urchins in mesocosms with single lobster and monitored urchin survival for 108 hr. High activity level was negatively associated with survival, whereas urchin size and covering behavior independently did not influence survival. The negative effect of urchin activity level on urchin survival was strong for smaller urchins and weaker for large urchins. Taken together, these results suggest that purple urchin activity level and size jointly determine their susceptibility to predation by lobsters. This is potentially of great interest, because predation by recovering lobster populations could alter the stability of kelp forests by culling specific phenotypes, like foraging phenotypes, from urchin populations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Predator‐induced selection on urchin activity level depends on urchin body size

et al. 2019

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“…We found that slow-moving urchins were more likely to survive encounters with lobsters (Figure 1), whereas covering behavior did not predict urchin survival on its own. This is consistent with findings suggesting that active prey are more likely to succumb to predation (Huey & Pianka, 1981; Perry, 2007), particularly with sedentary predators, and that urchin covering behavior does not regularly predict survival in a direct manner (Zhao et al, 2014). Urchin size also did not predict survival directly.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Predator-induced selection on urchin activity level depends on urchin body size

Pretorius

Lichtenstein

Eliason

et al. 2019

Preprint

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1Temporally consistent individual differences in behavior impact many ecological processes. We 1 2 simultaneously examined the effects of individual variation in prey activity level, covering behavior, and 1 3 body size on prey survival with predators using an urchin-lobster system. Specifically, we tested the 1 4 hypothesis that slow-moving purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) and urchins who deploy 1 5 extensive substrate (pebbles and stones) covering behavior will out-survive active urchins that deploy 1 6 little to no covering behavior when pitted against a predator, the California spiny lobster (Panulirus 1 7 interruptus). We evaluated this hypothesis by first confirming whether individual urchins exhibit 1 8 temporally consistent differences in activity level and covering behavior, which they did. Next, we placed 1 9

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“…One study of Strongylocentrotus urchins found that covering can protect urchins in the lab setting from predation by crabs for short periods of time, up to 2 hours [1]. However, a more recent experimental study of these urchins found no correlation between amount of covering and presence of predators, suggesting that protection of this type is coincidental rather than a functional reason for heaping in this genera [37].…”

Section: Covering As Predator Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sea Urchin Covering Behavior: A Comparative Review

Ziegenhorn¹

2017

Sea Urchin - From Environment to Aquaculture and Biomedicine

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Covering behavior in sea urchins is an important aspect of many species' ecology and has a variety of perceived benefits including food source, mechanical defense, shielding from sunlight, and predator protection. The goal of this study was to determine whether an urchin genus's main benefit from this form of crypsis is correlated with either phylogenetic relationships or environmental factors (ocean depth and climate). To evaluate this hypothesis, a literature review was conducted on 15 urchin genera that use the covering reaction. The function of this behavior for the aforementioned genera was both mapped onto a phylogeny and evaluated, based on the climate and depth of the genera's habitats to determine whether the patterns exist. The results suggest that phylogenetic relationships provide a more functional predictive tool for determining the purpose of covering in an urchin genus than its environment. This conclusion is useful for understanding the biology of sea urchins as well as how the covering reaction relates to the many other cryptic behaviors used by animal species.

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Effects of Covering Behavior and Exposure to a Predatory Crab Charybdis japonica on Survival and HSP70 Expression of Juvenile Sea Urchins Strongylocentrotus intermedius

Cited by 21 publications

References 39 publications

Predator‐induced selection on urchin activity level depends on urchin body size

Predator‐induced selection on urchin activity level depends on urchin body size

Predator-induced selection on urchin activity level depends on urchin body size

Sea Urchin Covering Behavior: A Comparative Review

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