Effects of crumb rubber particles on mechanical properties and sustainability of ultra-high-ductile slag-based composites

Preparation and properties of rubberised geopolymer concrete: A review

“…In most RuG studies [2,3,110,137,148,6,7,11,23,65,72,74,96], the alkaline solution was prepared 24 hr prior to mixing. As for mixing itself, dry materials including aluminosilicate precursors, CNA, FNA, and rubber particles were mixed first for 2-5 minutes.…”

“…Naphthalene-based SPs are second generation SPs that work by electrostatic repulsion of cementitious particles [132][133][134], while polycarboxylate-based SPs are third generation SPs that utilise steric repulsion of cementitious binders in addition to electrostatic repulsion [135,136]. The SP dosage administered to different RuG mixes varied from as low as 1% [96,114] to as high as 5% of binder content [137]. Luhar et al [113] examined the effect of different dosages (2-4%) of naphthalene sulfonate-based SP on the compressive strength of RuG, and noted that higher dosages resulted in lower compressive strength.…”

“…Luhar et al [113] examined the effect of different dosages (2-4%) of naphthalene sulfonate-based SP on the compressive strength of RuG, and noted that higher dosages resulted in lower compressive strength. On top of SPs, other admixtures were also added to RuG mixes including a viscosity modifying agent (VMA) [72], a setting time retarder [72] and a defoamer (0.1% of binder content) [137]. A VMA alters the rheology of the concrete mix to ensure improved workability while a setting time retarder helps delay the setting of concrete (i.e., change from a fluid to a solid state) [138,139].…”

“…Commonly used retarders in GeoPC include sucrose, citric acid and anhydrous borax [140,141]. On the other hand, a defoamer is a chemical additive that reduces the possible formation of foams in concrete [137].…”

Quasi-static compressive behaviour of epoxy composites reinforced with crumb rubber

“…Furthermore, the non-biodegradability of waste tires further attenuates the challenge of recycling the constituents. [27][28][29][30] Crumb rubber is defined as the recycled rubber particles derived from unwanted automotive vehicle tires. 31 Carbon, sulfur, calcium and oxygen constitute a significant percentage of crumb rubber, whereas small amounts of silica, aluminium, titanium, iron and zinc are present.…”