Effects of culling intensity on diel and seasonal activity patterns of sika deer (Cervus nippon)

Ikeda, Takashi; Takahashi, Hiroshi; Igota, Hiromasa; Matsuura, Yukiko; Azumaya, Munemitsu; Yoshida, Terutoyo; Kaji, Koichi

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53727-9

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In the analysis of daily activity, sika deer mostly showed a bimodal activity pattern with the most activity during twilight hours. Studies from Japan (Borkowski 2001;Ikeda et al 2016;Ikeda et al 2019) have also reported that sika deer primarily show a crepuscular activity pattern. Similar bimodal patterns have been identified in many other ungulates including roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) (Pagon et al 2013), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (Paul and Mccullough 1990), and elk (Cervus canadensis) (Green and Bear 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Diel and seasonal activity pattern of alien sika deer with sympatric mammalian species from Muljangori-oreum wetland of Hallasan National Park, South Korea

Banjade

Han²,

Jeong

et al. 2021

j ecology environ

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Background Sika deer, Cervus nippon, were originally introduced to South Korea from Japan and Taiwan for commercial farming purposes. Unfortunately, they were released into the wild during religious events and have since begun to impact the native ecosystem and species endemic to South Korea. The study of activity patterns can improve our understanding of the environmental impact of non-native species and their association with sympatric species. Using camera traps, we studied the diel and seasonal activity patterns of non-native sika deer and quantified the temporal overlap with sympatric mammalian species in the Muljangori-oreum wetlands of Hallasan National Park, South Korea. Results A total of 970 trap events were recorded for five mammalian species from nine locations during the camera-trap survey. Siberian roe deer (Capreoluspygargus tianschanicus) had the highest number of recorded events (72.0%), followed by sika deer (Cervus nippon) (16.2%), wild boar (Sus scrofa) (5.0%), Asian badger (Meles leucurus) (4.5%), and the Jeju weasel (Mustela sibirica quelpartis) (2.0%). Sika deer had bimodal activity patterns throughout the year, with peaks throughout the spring-autumn twilight, and day and night time throughout the winter. Relating the daily activity of sika deer with other mammalian species, roe deer expressed the highest degree of overlap (∆4 = 0.80) while the Asian badger demonstrated the lowest overlap (∆4 = 0.37). Conclusions Our data show that sika deer are a crepuscular species with seasonal variations in daily activity patterns. Additionally, we identified the temporal differences in activity peaks between different mammals in the Muljangori-oreum wetlands and found higher degree of overlap between sika deer and roe deer during twilight hours.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Diel and seasonal activity pattern of alien sika deer with sympatric mammalian species from Muljangori-oreum wetland of Hallasan National Park, South Korea

Banjade

Han²,

Jeong

et al. 2021

j ecology environ

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“…Temporal partitioning may lead to a reduced competition where interspecific competition might otherwise occur [ 21 , 49 ]. Although the activity pattern of sika deer have been well documented [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ], a systematic survey on the activity pattern of Japanese serow populations is lacking; only one study has included an individual radio-collared Japanese serow [ 55 ]. Therefore, whether Japanese serows and sika deer exhibit temporal partitioning in sympatric areas remains unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat Selection and Activity Patterns of Japanese Serows and Sika Deer with Currently Sympatric Distributions

Seki

Hayama

2021

Animals

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The Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Japan are usually allopatric. However, a recent expansion in the distribution range of sika deer, combined with an increase in abundance, has resulted in an overlap of the distribution ranges of the two species. We examined the habitat selection and activity patterns of Japanese serows and sika deer using camera traps placed at 83 sites within a 210 km2 study area, where the distribution range of these two species has recently overlapped. Although both species were photographed throughout the study area, we observed a low spatial overlap between them. The Japanese serows selected steep slopes, and the sika deer selected areas far away from human settlements. In addition, the Japanese serows and sika deer exhibited temporal partitioning with diurnal and crepuscular activity patterns, respectively. The observed partitioning could be explained by differences in their species-specific habitat selections, rather than competition, because the photographic capture rate of the Japanese serows was not affected by that of the sika deer and vice versa. These partitioning behaviors are likely to reduce the rate of encounters between the two ungulates, which enables their coexistence considering the sika deer density remains low.

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“…Alternative methods such as aerial surveys are more effective; however, over the forests, their use remains limited, as camouflage coloration of ungulate coats impedes their detection on the cluttered background of the forest floor. Additionally, in areas where ungulates are active mostly during dusk and dawn [3][4][5], the applicability of aerial surveys is further reduced; in times of poor visibility, especially at lower altitudes, manned aircraft flights are challenging and dangerous.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Alternative Flight Plans in Thermal Drone Wildlife Surveys—Simulation Study

Witczuk

Pagacz

2021

Remote Sensing

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The rapidly developing technology of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) extends to the availability of aerial surveys for wildlife research and management. However, regulations limiting drone operations to visual line of sight (VLOS) seriously affect the design of surveys, as flight paths must be concentrated within small sampling blocks. Such a design is inferior to spatially unrestricted randomized designs available if operations beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) are allowed. We used computer simulations to assess whether the VLOS rule affects the accuracy and precision of wildlife density estimates derived from drone collected data. We tested two alternative flight plans (VLOS vs. BVLOS) in simulated surveys of low-, medium- and high-density populations of a hypothetical ungulate species with three levels of effort (one to three repetitions). The population density was estimated using the ratio estimate and distance sampling method. The observed differences in the accuracy and precision of estimates from the VLOS and BVLOS surveys were relatively small and negligible. Only in the case of the low-density population (2 ind./100 ha) surveyed once was the VLOS design inferior to BVLOS, delivering biased and less precise estimates. These results show that while the VLOS regulations complicate survey logistics and interfere with random survey design, the quality of derived estimates does not have to be compromised. We advise testing alternative survey variants with the aid of computer simulations to achieve reliable estimates while minimizing survey costs.

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Effects of culling intensity on diel and seasonal activity patterns of sika deer (Cervus nippon)

Cited by 21 publications

References 37 publications

Diel and seasonal activity pattern of alien sika deer with sympatric mammalian species from Muljangori-oreum wetland of Hallasan National Park, South Korea

Diel and seasonal activity pattern of alien sika deer with sympatric mammalian species from Muljangori-oreum wetland of Hallasan National Park, South Korea

Habitat Selection and Activity Patterns of Japanese Serows and Sika Deer with Currently Sympatric Distributions

Evaluating Alternative Flight Plans in Thermal Drone Wildlife Surveys—Simulation Study

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