Effects of d-amphetamine, morphine, naloxone, and drug combinations on visual discrimination in rats

Andrews, John S.; Holtzman, Stephen G.

doi:10.1007/bf00176840

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…However, the effects of naloxone are limited to remarkably few actions and interactions (cf. Andrews and Holtzman 1988). Naloxone blockade of amphetamine place conditioning, therefore, more likely results from a specific neural interaction between these drugs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naloxone blockade of amphetamine place preference conditioning

1991

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Amphetamine and naloxone were examined in place conditioning, in order to study possible interactions between endogenous opioids and catecholamines in reinforcement. After initial preferences were determined, animals were conditioned with amphetamine alone (1.0 mg/kg SC), naloxone alone (0.02, 0.2 or 2.0 mg/kg SC) or combinations of amphetamine plus naloxone. A reliable, long-lasting preference for the compartment associated with amphetamine was observed, reflecting the reinforcing properties of this drug. No preference or aversion was observed in animals that received saline in both compartments. Naloxone (0.02, 0.2 and 2.0 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent place aversion; while the lowest dose had effects similar to saline, the higher doses produced significant place aversions. Naloxone, at all three doses examined, prevented the ability of amphetamine to produce a place preference. Thus, the lowest dose of naloxone, having no effects alone in place conditioning was still able to block the reinforcing effects of amphetamine. These results suggest that the reinforcing effects of amphetamine are dependent on activation of opiate receptors, and provide further evidence that interactions between endogenous opioids and catecholamines may be important in reinforcement.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naloxone blockade of amphetamine place preference conditioning

1991

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“…For example, in one early study Berryman, Cumming, Nevin, and Jarvik (1964) reported that sodium pentobarbital dose-dependently decreased accuracy in a color matching-to-sample task in pigeons. In a more recent study, Andrews and Holtzman (1988) assessed the effects of morphine and amphetamine on performance in a visual discrimination procedure in rats. In their procedure, responses to one of two levers were reinforced if a stimulus light had been briefly flashed above the lever at the beginning of the trial.…”

Section: ____________________________________________________________mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Morphine on Temporal Discrimination and Color Matching: General Disruption of Stimulus Control or Selective Effects on Timing?

Ward

Odum

2005

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

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Discrepant effects of drugs on behavior maintained by temporal-discrimination procedures make conclusive statements about the neuropharmacological bases of timing difficult. The current experiment examined the possible contribution of a general, drug-induced disruption of stimulus control. Four pigeons responded on a three-component multiple schedule that included a fixed-interval 2-min, temporal discrimination, and color-matching component. Under control conditions, response rates and choice responses during the first two components showed evidence of control by time, and accuracy for color matching was high in the third component. Morphine administration flattened the distribution of fixed-interval responding and produced a general disruption of accuracy in the temporal-discrimination component, whereas accuracy in the color-matching component was relatively unaffected. Analysis of the psychophysical functions from the temporal-discrimination component indicated that morphine decreased accuracy of temporal discrimination by decreasing overall stimulus control, rather than by selectively affecting timing. These results suggest the importance of determining the neurophysiological bases of stimulus control as it relates to temporal discrimination.

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“…There- fore, our data do not support the possibility that arnphetamine produced such effeets in this task. Finally, there is no reason to assurne that amphetamine disrupted discriminative abilities (Andrews & Holtzman, 1988). Thus, the data do not provide a clear performance-related explanation for the amphetamine-induced decrease in correct responding.…”

Section: Amphetaminementioning

confidence: 70%

Retrieval of well-learned propositional rules: Insensitive to changes in activity of individual neurotransmitter systems?

Sarter

1990

Psychobiology

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On the basis ofthe visual conditional discrimination paradigm, a procedure has been developed that forces rats to retrieve propositional rules from reference memory (e.g., flashing light, go left; constant light, go right), Using operant boxes, rats were trained to perform a conditional visual (successive) discrimination task (go/go) on an FR10 schedule of reinforcement. During the first trial of a day's test session, incorreet responding did not result in the termination of the trial. The ratio between correct and incorrect leverpresses until completion of the FRlO at the correet lever on this first trial was considered a measure ofthe rat's ability to retrieve the correct rule. During the subsequent trials of a test session, incorrect responses led to the termination of the trial. Behavioral measures from this stage of a day's session were considered as an indication ofbehavioral performance. Scopolamine (0.1, 0.39, or 1.56 mg/kg) did not affect retrieval but impaired all measures of performance. Chlordiazepoxide (3.0, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg) similarly spared retrieval abilities but disrupted performance at the highest dose. Baclofen (1.56, 3.13, or 4.69 mg/kg) nonspecifically disrupted responding at the highest dose. Amphetamine (0.3, 0.56, or 1.0 mg/kg) generally reduced the number of correct responses. Thus, none ofthese treatments specifically interfered with the retrieval of information about well-learned stimulus-response rules. It is hypothesized that the retrieval of these rules is comparable with the automatie and implicit reactivation of nondeclarative information in humans, or even with priming. Furthermore, it seems likely that this process shows multiple neuronal representations and, therefore, remains widely insensitive to manipulations in individual neurotransmitter systems.

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Effects of d-amphetamine, morphine, naloxone, and drug combinations on visual discrimination in rats

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Naloxone blockade of amphetamine place preference conditioning

Naloxone blockade of amphetamine place preference conditioning

Effects of Morphine on Temporal Discrimination and Color Matching: General Disruption of Stimulus Control or Selective Effects on Timing?

Retrieval of well-learned propositional rules: Insensitive to changes in activity of individual neurotransmitter systems?

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