Effects of daily stress or repeated paraoxon exposures on subacute pyridostigmine toxicity in rats

Abstract

Pyridostigmine (PYR) is a carbamate cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor used during the Persian Gulf War as a pretreatment against possible chemical nerve agent attack. Because of its quaternary structure, PYR entry into the central nervous system is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Following reports of unexplained illnesses among Gulf War veterans, however, central nervous system effects of PYR have been postulated through either stress-induced alteration of BBB permeability or via interactions with other neurotoxic agents. We evaluated the effects of daily physical (treadmill running) stress or daily exposure to a subclinical dosage of the organophosphate ChE inhibitor paraoxon (PO) on ChE inhibition in blood, diaphragm and selected brain regions in young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats following subacute PYR exposures. In physical stress studies, rats were placed on a treadmill for 90 min each day for 14 days just prior to PYR (0, 3, or 10 mg/kg per day) administration. In PO-PYR interaction studies, rats were treated with PO (0, 0.05, or 0.1 mg/kg per day) 1 h prior to daily PYR (0 or 3 mg/kg per day) administration for 14 consecutive days. Rats were evaluated daily for signs of cholinergic toxicity and were killed 1 h after the final PYR treatment. Forced running increased plasma corticosterone levels throughout the experiment (on days 1, 3, 7 and 14) when measured immediately after termination of stress. PYR-treated rats in the high dosage (10 mg/kg per day) group exhibited slight signs of toxicity (involuntary movements) for the first 6 days, after which tolerance developed. Interestingly, signs of cholinergic toxicity following PYR were slightly but significantly increased in rats forced to run on the treadmill prior to dosing. ChE activities in whole blood and diaphragm were significantly reduced 1 h after the final PYR challenge, and ChE inhibition in diaphragm was significantly greater in stressed rats than in non-stressed controls following high dose PYR (10 mg/kg per day). No significant effects of treadmill running on PYR-induced ChE inhibition in brain regions were noted, however. Repeated subclinical PO exposure had no apparent effect on functional signs of PYR toxicity. As with repeated treadmill running, whole blood and diaphragm ChE activities were significantly reduced 1 h after the final PYR administration, and ChE inhibition was significantly greater with combined PO and PYR exposures. Brain regional ChE activity was significantly inhibited after daily PO exposure, but no increased inhibition was noted following combined PO and PYR dosing. We conclude that, while some stressors may under some conditions affect functional signs of toxicity following repeated pyridostigmine exposures, these changes are likely to occur via alteration of peripheral cholinergic mechanisms and not through enhanced entry of pyridostigmine into the brain.

Prenatal nicotine alters the developmental neurotoxicity of postnatal chlorpyrifos directed toward cholinergic systems: Better, worse, or just “different?”

“…In the adult, concurrent stress augments the systemic toxicity and neurotoxicity of organophosphates (Basha and Poojary, 2011, 2012; Pung et al, 2006; Shaikh et al, 2003) but to our knowledge, there are no corresponding studies for stress in pregnancy. Here, the prenatal stressor was the surgical procedure to insert the minipumps.…”

Bionanoconjugate‐based composites for decontamination of nerve agents

“…Specifically, we have formulated self-decontaminating composite paints that encapsulate highly active and stable bionanoconjugates of OPH for decontamination of paraoxon, a chemical simulant of V-type, and diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), a chemical simulant of G-type, nerve agents, both potent irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Exposure to paraoxon or DFP can produce acetylcholinesterase inhibition 21 and compromise the blood-brain barrier. 22 We showed that composites containing only 0.07% (w/w) OPH render [99% decontamination of paraoxon after 30 minutes.…”

Chlorpyrifos developmental neurotoxicity: Interaction with glucocorticoids in PC12 cells

“…First, these agents are given as the consensus treatment for preterm labor occurring between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation in order to prevent respiratory distress syndrome (Gilstrap et al, 1995); currently, one of every ten newborns in the U.S. has undergone this treatment (Matthews et al, 2002). Second, endogenous glucocorticoid release from stress can enhance the systemic toxicity of organophosphates or other toxicants (Aisa et al, 2009; Colomina et al, 1995; Pung et al, 2006; Shaikh et al, 2003). By themselves, excess glucocorticoids have an adverse impact on the numbers of neurons, structure and synaptic connectivity in the immature brain, ultimately contributing to a variety of neuroendocrine, behavioral and cardiovascular disorders (Cavalieri and Cohen, 2006; Drake et al, 2007; Meyer, 1985; Moritz et al, 2005; Pryce et al, 2011; Rokyta et al, 2008; Tegethoff et al, 2009).…”