Effects of deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure evolution, mechanical and thermal fatigue properties of H13 hot work die steel

Li, Jun; Zhang, Xu; Bu, Hengyong; Qi, Huarong; Zuo, Pengpeng; Li, Shaohong; Li, Mengnie

doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.11.236

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The augmentation in the hardness of tool steels through CT has been previously documented by various researchers in comparison to CHT, with variations noted in the degree of enhancement. For instance, Jun Li et al [4] observed a 6% improvement in hardness for H13 tool steels following CT, while Das et al [13,14] reported a 5% increase in bulk hardness for AISI D2 relative to CHT conditions. In both cases, the hardness improvement was attributed to the reduction of retained austenite and the increase in carbide count.…”

Section: Hardness and Fracture Toughness (Kic)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In response to these limitations, cryogenic treatment has emerged as a promising supplementary technique for enhancing the properties of tool steels across various categories, including cold-work [1][2][3], hot-work [4,5], high-speed [6,7], and high-strength steels [8,9]. Cryogenic treatment, typically performed between hardening and tempering stages, involves subjecting the material to extremely low temperatures ranging from −60 to −196 • C, followed by controlled reheating to ambient conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cryogenic treatment, typically performed between hardening and tempering stages, involves subjecting the material to extremely low temperatures ranging from −60 to −196 • C, followed by controlled reheating to ambient conditions. This process induces significant microstructural modifications in tool steels, which have been extensively studied and documented in the literature [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These improvements are attributed to several factors. The majority of the studies linked the enhanced performance to the lowering of retained austenite (γ R ) and the enhanced carbide populations [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Other studies also highlighted the refinement of martensite with a greater number of dislocation densities and fine twining, the formation of secondary carbides, and the establishment of a more homogeneous distribution of nano-sized transient precipitates [6,8,11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Cryogenic Treatments on Hardness, Fracture Toughness, and Wear Properties of Vanadis 6 Tool Steel

Yarasu,

Jurci,

Ptacinova

et al. 2024

Materials

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The ability of cryogenic treatment to improve tool steel performance is well established; however, the selection of optimal heat treatment is pivotal for cost reduction and extended tool life. This investigation delves into the influence of distinct cryogenic and tempering treatments on the hardness, fracture toughness, and tribological properties of Vanadis 6 tool steel. Emphasis was given to comprehending wear mechanisms, wear mode identification, volume loss estimation, and detailed characterization of worn surfaces through scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy and confocal microscopy. The findings reveal an 8–9% increase and a 3% decrease in hardness with cryogenic treatment compared to conventional treatment when tempered at 170 °C and 530 °C, respectively. Cryotreated specimens exhibit an average of 15% improved fracture toughness after tempering at 530 °C compared to conventional treatment. Notably, cryogenic treatment at −140 °C emerges as the optimum temperature for enhanced wear performance in both low- and high-temperature tempering scenarios. The identified wear mechanisms range from tribo-oxidative at lower contacting conditions to severe delaminative wear at intense contacting conditions. These results align with microstructural features, emphasizing the optimal combination of reduced retained austenite and the highest carbide population density observed in −140 °C cryogenically treated steel.

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Section: Hardness and Fracture Toughness (Kic)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effect of Cryogenic Treatments on Hardness, Fracture Toughness, and Wear Properties of Vanadis 6 Tool Steel

Yarasu,

Jurci,

Ptacinova

et al. 2024

Materials

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“…It usually uses liquid nitrogen as the refrigerant, whereby the metal material is kept at a temperature as low as −196 • C for a certain time until its material structure is optimized, thereby improving the performance of the material [16,17]. The cryogenic treatment of H13 hot work die steel has revealed that the retained austenite transforms into martensite during the cryogenic treatment, and that a large number of dispersed carbides precipitate from the matrix, which is helpful to improve the hardness and thermal fatigue resistance of the material [18]. The yield limit of 51CrV4 spring steel can be increased by 14.95% and the wear mass loss can be reduced by 43.32% by introducing cryogenic treatment before tempering [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cold Rolling and Cryogenic Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe–32Ni Alloy

Sun,

Li,

Hao

et al. 2024

Metals

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In this work, the effects of cold rolling (CR) and cold rolling–cryogenic treatment (CR–CT) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe–32Ni alloy were studied via optical microscopy methods, OM, SEM, XRD, TEM, tensile strength and hardness tester, and tensile testing. The results reveal the grain refinement in the alloy after rolling deformation. When the deformation is higher than 85%, the polygonal austenite grains become layered, and a small amount of martensite forms. Because of the inhibitory effect of cold-rolling deformation before cryogenic treatment on martensitic transformation, the amount of martensite form phase after cryogenic treatment decreases with the increase of deformation. The hardness and strength of the sample, independent of whether the cryogenic treatment is performed, increase with the increase of deformation degree. Under the same deformation rate, the hardness of the CR–CT sample is higher than that of the CR sample, which is related to the hard martensite phase with high dislocation density obtained during cryogenic treatment. The strain hardening behavior of the sample is greatly affected by the deformation degree. With the increase of true strain, the work hardening exponent of CR and CR–CT samples undergoing severe plastic deformation is lower than that at small deformation degree and low dislocation density, which is attributed to the earlier entanglement of high dislocations in CR and CR–CT samples with large deformation degrees.

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The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on W360 and E38K Hot Work Tool Steels

Kiraz,

Birol,

Sağın

2024

steel research int.

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The present study examines the impact of cryogenic treatment (CT) on W360 and E38K hot work tool steels used in forging dies, subjected to conventional heat (HT) and CTs followed by double tempering treatment. Results reveal that CT facilitates the transformation of retained austenite from 4.9% and 2.5% for W360 and E38K steels, respectively, into martensite to an undetectable limit. Also, when compared to HT, CT at −180 °C results in about 3 times higher amount of the carbide precipitation for both steel types. In contrast, a slight increment in the hardness values with decreasing treatment temperature is observed. Notch impact test results indicate higher impact energy with lower CT temperatures, particularly notable in W360 steel. Although both steel types exhibit almost similar impact energy values at room temperature, E38K steel has ≈100% higher energy at 350 °C. DCT‐treated samples show improved wear resistance at lower cryogenic temperatures. Cryotreated W360 steel displays nearly 25% less wear rate than cryotreated E38K steel. The study underscores the suitability of W360 and E38K steels for hot work applications, with CT enhancing their mechanical and microstructural performance, particularly in W360 steel due to its higher carbide density.

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Effects of deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure evolution, mechanical and thermal fatigue properties of H13 hot work die steel

Cited by 12 publications

References 44 publications

Effect of Cryogenic Treatments on Hardness, Fracture Toughness, and Wear Properties of Vanadis 6 Tool Steel

Effect of Cryogenic Treatments on Hardness, Fracture Toughness, and Wear Properties of Vanadis 6 Tool Steel

Effect of Cold Rolling and Cryogenic Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe–32Ni Alloy

The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on W360 and E38K Hot Work Tool Steels

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