EFFECTS OF DEEP vs. SUPERFICIAL STIMULATION OF ACUPUNCTURE ON CAPSAICIN-INDUCED EDEMA. A BLIND CONTROLLED STUDY IN RATS

Ceccherelli, Francesco; Gagliardi, Giuseppe; Visentin, Renea; Giron, Giampiero

doi:10.3727/036012998816356553

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Depths of 2 to 5 mm [ 32 , 33 ], 3 to 5 mm [ 34 ], 4 mm [ 35 - 37 ], or 5 mm [ 38 - 40 ] have been used for stimulating ST36 in the rat. A deep electrode in the EA was reported to be more effective than a surface electrode [ 41 ] because a greater number of receptors were affected [ 42 ]. We found stronger and longer-lasting (40 min post-EA) effects following the stimulation of the type I needle in the acupoints at a depth of 5 mm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The antinociceptive effect of electroacupuncture at different depths of acupoints and under the needling surface

Silva¹,

Silva²,

Prado³

2012

Chin Med

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BackgroundThe stimulation of acupoints along the meridians, but not the non-acupoints outside of the meridians, produces analgesia. Although the acupoint is defined at the body surface, the exact location of the acupoints is not known. This study aims to examine whether the intensity and duration of the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at the Zusanli (ST36) and Sanynjiao acupoints (SP6) change according to the depth of the stimulation.MethodsNinety-six male Wistar rats classified as responders were arbitrarily allocated into 16 groups of six rats each. Six groups received EA with uninsulated acupuncture needles (type I) or needles that were immersed in varnish and had the varnish circularly peeled 0.2 mm from the tip (type II), 0.2 mm at 3 mm (type III) or 5 mm (type IV) from the tip, or 0.2 mm at 5 and 1 mm from the tip (type V), or EA sham for 20 min. Five groups received injection of formalin into the acupoint bilaterally at 5 mm or 1 mm deep into ST36, 5 mm below ST36 but inserting the needle at 45° to the skin surface, or 5 mm deep into non-acupoints. The remaining groups received intraplantar injection of saline, 1% or 2.5% formalin. The analgesic effects were measured by the rat tail-flick test.ResultsThe bilateral stimulation of ST36 and SP6 by uninsulated or insulated needles produced analgesia in the rat tail-flick test. The stronger and longer lasting effects occurred after EA with the types I and V needles, or injection of formalin 5 mm deep into ST36. The remaining needles produced weaker and shorter lasting effects. Slow analgesic effect also occurred after formalin injection at 1 mm or 5 mm below ST36 by inserting the needle at 45° to the skin surface.ConclusionThe experimental results suggest that the efficacy of the EA stimulation depends on the spatial distribution of the current density under the needling surface rather than only the acupoint or the depth of needling.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The antinociceptive effect of electroacupuncture at different depths of acupoints and under the needling surface

Silva¹,

Silva²,

Prado³

2012

Chin Med

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“…21,22 In the clinical respect, the difference in stimulation intensity between EA and SA may result in a discrepancy between therapeutic effects, as different acupuncture methods have been reported to cause different clinical outcomes. 6,7 Therefore, further study is warranted to clarify whether these results from healthy subjects produce different clinical outcomes for EA and SA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The superficial acupuncture (SA) method, often referred to as the Japanese style, is characterized by the needles being inserted superficially just below the skin. 5 Even though there have been reports that SA has a lesser analgesic effect than deep acupuncture (DA), 6,7 generally, SA has been regarded as having the same therapeutic benefit as DA. 8 However, it is still unclear whether these different methods of acupuncture elicit similar or different physiologic responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in SPECT Cerebral Blood Flow Following Japanese Style, Superficial Acupuncture at LI-4 and LI-11 in Healthy Volunteers

Jung

Park

et al. 2011

The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine

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There were specific increase patterns of rCBF following SA at LI-4 and LI-11, which were similar to those following EA. However, there were significant differences in the decrease pattern of rCBF between SA and EA, which might be due to the difference of the strength of acupuncture stimulation between the two methods. These results may contribute to developing a better strategy to a select stimulation method in acupuncture therapy.

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“…Stimulation verified that different stimulation frequencies with insulated needle with conductive point in the needles activate the release of different brings an increment of the threshold in muscle peptides: 2-Hz acupuncture activates metand periosteal tissue. enkephalin via spinal receptors, while a 100-Hz Ceccherelli et al (1998), in an experimental frequency activates dynorphine via K spinal repain model in the rat, observed that a deep ceptors. CecchereUi et al (1998) could verify in puncture in the muscle has a better analgesic rats subjected to experimental neurogenic inef feet than a superficial one, especiaUy when flammation the therapeutic effect of a 2-Hz curthe two kinds of puncture are effected con-rent of different intensity (5-10-, 50-, or 70 nxA).…”

Section: Minimal Acupuncturementioning

confidence: 98%

Variables of Stimulation and Placebo in Acupuncture Reflexotherapy

Ceccherelli

Gagliardi²,

Massimo³

et al. 2000

The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine

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Placebo can be defined as "the idea of recovery." It represents the natural impulse toward recovery that is catalyzed by treatment or even simply by the idea of treatment. Therefore, placebo is not an "active" treatment; it is used in scientific research to discriminate between the actual effect of a drug or therapeutic technique and the result of chance or the will to recover. Even though it is only an idea, placebo can cause improvement and recovery in approximately 30% of the subjects treated with any therapeutic program and for very different pathologies. Acute pathologies are more sensitive to placebo than chronic ones; functional disorders respond better than organic alterations, and so on. The main controversial issues in the methodology of acupuncture research are: placebo, double-blinding, and the intensity of stimulation of needles. The most used placebo method is sham acupuncture, which is the insertion of the needles outside acupuncture points. It is argued that this methodologically incorrect choice leads to studying the importance of the acupuncture point, rather than that of acupuncture as a transdermic stimulation technique.

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EFFECTS OF DEEP vs. SUPERFICIAL STIMULATION OF ACUPUNCTURE ON CAPSAICIN-INDUCED EDEMA. A BLIND CONTROLLED STUDY IN RATS

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

The antinociceptive effect of electroacupuncture at different depths of acupoints and under the needling surface

The antinociceptive effect of electroacupuncture at different depths of acupoints and under the needling surface

Changes in SPECT Cerebral Blood Flow Following Japanese Style, Superficial Acupuncture at LI-4 and LI-11 in Healthy Volunteers

Variables of Stimulation and Placebo in Acupuncture Reflexotherapy

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