Effects of delay fading and signals on self‐control choices by children

Vessells, Julia; Sy, Jolene R.; Wilson, Alyssa N.; Green, Leonard

doi:10.1002/jaba.454

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Delay tolerance paradigms produce similar effects in children and adults. Multiple studies have shown that increasing the delay to the LL reward during the intervention phase increased LL choices in subsequent impulsive choice tasks in children with ADHD (Binder, Dixon, & Ghezzi, 2000; Neef, Bicard, & Endo, 2001), preschool aged typically developing children (Schweitzer & Sulzer-Azaroff, 1988), children with developmental disabilities (Vessells, Sy, Wilson, & Green, 2018), children and adults with severe behavior disorders (Fisher, Thompson, Hagopian, Bowman, & Krug, 2000), and adults with intellectual disabilities (Dixon et al, 1998; Dixon, Rehfeldt, & Randich, 2003). These improvements were observed after multiple sessions of training.…”

Section: Temporal Processes and Impulsivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive and behavioral training interventions to promote self-control.

Smith¹,

Panfil²,

Bailey³

et al. 2019

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cogniti

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This review article discusses various cognitive and behavioral interventions that have been developed with the goal of promoting self-controlled responding. Self-control can exert a significant impact on human health and impulsive behaviors are associated with a wide range of diseases and disorders, leading to the suggestion that impulsivity is a trans-disease process. The self-control interventions include effort exposure, reward discrimination, reward bundling, interval schedules of reinforcement, impulse control training, and mindfulness training. Most of the interventions have been consistently shown to increase self-control, except for mindfulness training. Some of the successful interventions are long-lasting, whereas others may be transient. Most interventions are domain-specific, targeting specific cognitive and behavioral processes that relate to self-control rather than targeting overall self-control. For example, effort exposure appears to primarily increase effort tolerance, which in turn can improve self-control. Similarly, interval schedules primarily target interval timing, which promotes self-controlled responses. A diagram outlining a proposed set of intervention effects on self-control is introduced to motivate further research in this area. The diagram suggests that the individual target processes of the interventions may potentially summate to produce general self-control, or perhaps even produce synergistic effects. In addition, it is suggested that developing a self-control profile may be advantageous for aligning specific interventions to mitigate specific deficits. Overall, the results indicate that interventions are a promising avenue for promoting self-control and may help to contribute to changing health outcomes associated with a wide variety of diseases and disorders.

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Section: Temporal Processes and Impulsivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive and behavioral training interventions to promote self-control.

Smith¹,

Panfil²,

Bailey³

et al. 2019

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cogniti

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Typically, individuals receive interventions with fading (progressively increasing or decreasing) SS or LL delays within an impulsive choice task. Exposure to delays increases LL choices in children with ADHD [40,41], children and adults with developmental and/or intellectual disabilities [42][43][44], children and adults with severe behavior disorders [45] as well as typically-developing children [28]. While some of these studies included female participants, the efficacy of the interventions in each sex was not investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A time-based intervention to treat impulsivity in male and female rats

Panfil

Bailey

Davis

et al. 2020

Behavioural Brain Research

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Time-based interventions have emerged as promising treatments for disorders associated with impulsivity. These interventions can be implemented to test their efficacy in preventing or treating impulsive choice in animal models of diseases related to impulsivity such as drug abuse. Impulsive choice is typically defined as choosing a smaller-sooner (SS) reward over a larger-later (LL) reward when the LL is relatively more optimal. Previous research has shown that these interventions promote LL choices in males and females, but sex differences have not been assessed. Because sex differences can complicate the application of therapies, it is critical to compare the effects of the intervention in males and females. The intervention group received exposure to 10-s and 30-s interval schedules, and the control rats received no delay to reward. Different impulsive choice tasks were used to assess the intervention efficacy across the two experiments. Following the intervention, reductions in impulsive choice were found in male and female rats, but the degree of improvement was inconsistent across sex and task. Bayesian analyses that combined the results revealed robust evidence of an overall intervention effect with the intervention group showing greater self-control, but there was no evidence for the intervention affecting males and females differently. Taken together, these results suggest that time-based interventions are effective tools to treat impulsivity in both males and females and offer promising translational capability to humans.

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“…Intervention efficacy may be related to delay aversion (Sonuga‐Barke et al, 1992). Exposure to short delays may have enhanced the LL choice, as is seen with fading interventions (Logue & Mazur, 1981; Mazur & Logue, 1978; Vessells et al, 2018), while occasional long delays may have promoted delay tolerance. Because long delays were infrequent, rats had to occasionally wait for long delays in the context where they mostly waited for short delays.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hazard function effects on promoting self‐control in variable interval time‐based interventions in rats

Bailey

Panfil

Kirkpatrick

2021

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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The present experiments investigated properties of time‐based interventions used to increase self‐control. Rats received impulsive‐choice assessments before and after interventions that consisted of different distributions of delays to reinforcement. In Experiment 1, rats received an intervention with an increasing hazard function where delays were more evenly distributed, a decreasing hazard function where delays were mostly short, or a constant hazard function where delays were exponentially distributed. Surprisingly, rats that received the decreasing hazard function made the most self‐controlled choices. Response rates during intervention trials showed that rats anticipated reinforcement based on the shape of the distributions they received. In Experiment 2, rats received an intervention with a decreasing hazard function with a steep slope or a shallow slope. Both time‐based interventions increased self‐control and produced similar response‐rate patterns, indicating that the slope of the decreasing hazard function may not play a strong role in intervention efficacy. While this research aligns with previous literature showing that time‐based interventions improved self‐control, exposure to short delays produced the biggest improvements. Ultimately, exposure to short delays may increase the subjective value of the larger–later choice while occasional long delays may promote the ability to wait, which may have important implications for translational applications.

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Effects of delay fading and signals on self‐control choices by children

Cited by 17 publications

References 11 publications

Cognitive and behavioral training interventions to promote self-control.

Cognitive and behavioral training interventions to promote self-control.

A time-based intervention to treat impulsivity in male and female rats

Hazard function effects on promoting self‐control in variable interval time‐based interventions in rats

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