Effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its microbial biotransformation product deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) on a trout, pig, mouse, and human cell line

Abstract

Deoxynivalenol (DON), a trichothecene produced by various Fusarium species, is one of the most prevalent food- and feed-associated mycotoxins. The effects of DON and deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) were assessed in five different cell lines from different tissues and species starting from the first line of defense, the trout gill (RTgill-W1) and pig intestinal cells (IPEC-1 and IPEC-J2) over immune cells, as second line of defense (mouse macrophages RAW 264.7) to human liver cells (HepG2). Viability was assessed with a WST-1 assay, except for RTgill-W1, where a neutral red (NR) and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay was performed. Additionally, more sensitive parameters, such as interleukin-, nitric oxide (NO)-, and albumin-release were determined. Viability was affected by DON at concentrations starting at 10 μmol/L (RTgill-W1), 0.9 μmol/L (IPEC-1), 3.5 μmol/L (IPEC-J2), and 0.9 μmol/L (HepG2), whereas DOM-1 did not have such an effect. Additionally, NO was decreased (0.84 μmol/L DON), whereas interleukin (IL)-6 was increased (0.42 μmol/L DON) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated DON-, but not DOM-1-treated RAW cells. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α release, however, was not affected. Interestingly, albumin secretion of HepG2 cells was decreased by both DON and DOM-1 but at a much higher concentration for DOM-1 (228 versus 0.9 μmol/L for DON). 98.9% of DOM-1 was retrieved by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry at the end of the experiment, proving its stability. In this study, IL-6 was the most sensitive parameter, followed by NO and albumin release and viability for HepG2 and IPEC-1.

EPA and DHA attenuate deoxynivalenol‐induced intestinal porcine epithelial cell injury and protect barrier function integrity by inhibiting necroptosis signaling pathway

“…Based on this, we investigated the protective effect of n‐3 PUFA on intestinal cell injury and barrier function impairment after DON challenge, and to explore its molecular mechanism(s) using the IPEC‐1 cell model. DON is a mycotoxin with strong cytotoxicity, which mainly exerts toxic effects in gastrointestinal tract and immune system and can lead to intestinal damage …”

“…DON is a mycotoxin with strong cytotoxicity, which mainly exerts toxic effects in gastrointestinal tract and immune system and can lead to intestinal damage. 26 Cell viability and number serve as criteria that reflect cell growth, and amount of LDH released into the culture medium from damaged cell membranes reflects cell damage. In our study, expectedly, DON challenge decreased cell viability and cell number, and increased LDH activity, which suggested that DON caused epithelial cell damage.…”

Fate of [3H]-Deoxynivalenol in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Juveniles: Tissue Distribution and Excretion

“…In the present trial, trout were fed a non-contaminated diet (for three weeks) prior to the [ 3 H]-DON tube feeding. It has been reported that chronic exposure to DON might cause the destruction of tight junctions [20,21] leading to increased DON absorption. We assume that in the present study, the trouts' physiological conditions due to the three weeks acclimation were optimal and intestinal barrier would not be much impacted by the short period of DON exposition (maximum of twenty-four hours).…”

Fungal Deoxynivalenol-Induced Enterocyte Distress Is Attenuated by Adulterated Adlay: In Vitro Evidences for Mucoactive Counteraction

“…In addition, HCT-8 or IPEC-1 cell-based barrier was assessed due to its rapid formation of epithelial monolayer among the colorectal adenocarcinoma-derived enterocytes. In particular, IPEC-1 cells have been extensively used as the non-tumorigenic enterocyte model of DON exposure ( 17 , 33 , 34 ). The colorectal adenocarcinoma-derived enterocytes were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 50 U/ml penicillin, and 50 µg/ml streptomycin (all from Welgene, Daegu, South Korea) in a 5% CO 2 humidified incubator at 37°C.…”