Effects of Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) Salivary Gland Extracts on Bos indicus and B. taurus Lymphocytes and Macrophages: In Vitro Cytokine Elaboration and Lymphocyte Blastogenesis

Ramachandra, Rangappa N.; Wikel, Stephen K.

doi:10.1093/jmedent/32.3.338

Cited by 52 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, it was demonstrated with ELISA and bioassays that treatment of spleen cells (SC) with tick saliva resulted in a decrease in IL-2 production (24). This observation has also been made by others working with different tick species (20,23,27,30).…”

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confidence: 59%

“…This phenomenon has been demonstrated with mouse T cells by using Con A (16,(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28), PHA (24), and anti-CD3 (20). This effect has also been demonstrated on bovine lymphocytes with Con A stimulation (29,30). This putative immunomodulatory phenomenon is particularly intriguing because of the central role played by T cells in the orchestration of the acquired immune response (31).…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

“…This T cell cytokine was chosen as a control because its production has also been shown to be markedly decreased by in vitro-stimulated lymphocytes in the presence of SGE (19,22,23,30,40). As shown in Fig.…”

Section: Scapularis Saliva Inhibits Detection Of Mouse Il-2 In An mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of an IL-2 Binding Protein in the Saliva of the Lyme Disease Vector Tick, Ixodes scapularis

Gillespie

Dolan

Piesman

et al. 2001

The Journal of Immunology

134

109

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A potent inhibitor of mitogen-stimulated T cell proliferation exists in the saliva of several species of hard ticks, including the Lyme disease vector tick, Ixodes scapularis. Our characterization of this phenomenon has led to the identification of a possible mechanism for the T cell inhibitory activity of I. scapularis saliva. The T cell inhibitor can overcome stimulation of mouse spleen cells with anti-CD3 mAb; however, a direct and avid interaction with T cells does not appear to be necessary. Tick saliva inhibits a mouse IL-2 capture ELISA, suggesting that a soluble IL-2 binding factor is present in the saliva. This hypothesis was verified by using a direct binding assay in which plate-immobilized tick saliva was shown to bind both mouse and human IL-2. Elimination of the IL-2 binding capacity of saliva in the in vitro assays by trypsin digestion demonstrated that the IL-2 binding factor is a protein. These experiments comprise the first demonstration of the existence of such a secreted IL-2 binding protein from any parasite or pathogen. This arthropod salivary IL-2 binding capacity provides a simple mechanism for the suppression of T cell proliferation as well as for the activity of other immune effector cells that are responsive to IL-2 stimulation. Relevance of the tick T cell inhibitory activity to the human immune system is demonstrated by the ability of tick saliva to inhibit proliferation of human T cells and CTLL-2 cells grown in the presence of human IL-2.

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confidence: 59%

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confidence: 86%

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Identification of an IL-2 Binding Protein in the Saliva of the Lyme Disease Vector Tick, Ixodes scapularis

Gillespie

Dolan

Piesman

et al. 2001

The Journal of Immunology

134

109

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“…However, specific evaluation of leukocyte migration to tick-feeding sites has received little attention. Proteins within tick saliva inhibit activation of the alternative complement pathway, 20,21 interferon (IFN-␣, -␤, and -␥) production, 22,23 Th1 cytokine production, [24][25][26] and phagocyte nitric oxide and superoxide production. [27][28][29] A phagocytophila is transmitted and acquired by a tick vector, and tick saliva represents a novel stimulus for evaluation of neutrophil migration and pathogen transmission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of neutrophil β2 integrins in kinetics of bacteremia, extravasation, and tick acquisition of Anaplasma phagocytophila in mice

Borjesson

Simon

Hodzic

et al. 2003

Blood

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Tick saliva contains anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive substances that facilitate blood feeding and enhance tickvectored pathogen transmission, including Anaplasma phagocytophila, an etiologic agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis. As such, inflammation at a tickfeeding site is strikingly different than that typically observed at other sites of inflammation. Up-regulation of CD11b/ CD18 occurs in host granulocytes following interaction or infection with A phagocytophila, and the absence of CD11b/CD18 results in early increases in bacteremia. We hypothesized that ␤2 integrin-dependent infection kinetics and leukocyte extravasation are important determinants of neutrophil trafficking to, and pathogen acquisition at, tick-feeding sites. A phagocytophila infection kinetics were evaluated in CD11a/CD18, CD11b/CD18, and CD18 knock-out mice using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of blood, ticks, and skin biopsies in conjunction with histopathology. A marked increase in the rate of A phagocytophila infection of neutrophils and pathogen burden in blood followed tick feeding. Infection kinetics were modified by ␤2 integrin expression and systemic neutrophil counts.Significant neutrophil-pathogen trafficking was observed to both suture and tick sites. Despite the prominent role for ␤2 integrins in neutrophil arrest in flowing blood, successful pathogen acquisition by ticks occurred in the absence of ␤2 integrins. Establishment of feeding pools that rely less on leukocyte trafficking and more on small hemorrhages may explain the ready amplification of A phagocytophila DNA from ticks infested on CD11/ CD18-deficient mouse strains. (Blood.

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“…The cytokine-mediated mechanisms of immunosuppression caused by ticks were demonstrated in mice [1,[7][8][9]]. The production of T H 1 cytokines such as interleukin-2 and interferon-γ was suppressed by SGE of ticks in mice [9], but there are no reports in dogs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Salivary Gland Extract from Rhipicephalus sanguineus on Immunoglobulin Class Productivity of Canine Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes.

Matsumoto

Inokuma

Ohno

et al. 2001

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Effects of salivary gland extract (SGE) from Rhipicephalus sanguineus on immunoglobulin class productivity of canine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in vitro were studied. The detectable limit of the ELISA for canine total immunoglobulin, IgM and A was at least 1, 1 and 15 ng/ml, respectively, and it seems to be useful for the evaluation of non-specific immunoglobulin class productivity in vitro. SGE from R. sanguineus suppressed pokeweed mitogen-or lipopolysaccharide-induced total immunoglobulin and IgA productivity of canine PBL although IgM productivity was not suppressed. These results suggested that the suppression was caused partly by the direct effect of SGE on B lymphocytes.KEY WORDS: canine, immunoglobulin class productivity, Rhipicephalus sanguineus.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 63(3): 325-328, 2001 It is known that tick infestation itself has immune suppressive effects on host animals, which aids the transmission of tick-borne diseases [9,10]. Rhipicephalus sanguineus is the three-host dog tick, and is known to be a vector for various diseases of dogs. Suppressive effects of the infestation of R. sanguineus on dogs, such as antibody production, neutrophil function and lymphocyte blastogenic response have been found in our previous works [2][3][4]. The effects of tick saliva on the inhibition of neutrophil function and lymphocyte blastogenic response have been proven by in vitro experiments; however, immunoglobulin productivity has not been proven yet. In this study, we examined the effects of salivary gland extract (SGE) of adult R. sanguineus on in vitro immunoglobulin class productivity of canine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) induced by pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.SGE was obtained from females of partially-engorged R. sanguineus kept in our laboratory [3]. The ticks were allowed to feed for 4 days on the ears of rabbits (Japanese white, Kyudo, Japan) and collected. Salivary glands were dissected from each tick and washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2) and homogenized with a ground glass homogenizer in 1.0 ml of PBS containing 0.1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF, Nakalai Tasque, Japan) over an ice bath. This crude extract was centrifuged at 7740 × g for 5 min. Supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 µm filter and the protein concentration was determined with a DC Protein Assay Kit (Bio-Rad, U.S.A.). The obtained SGE was stored at -20°C until use.Peripheral blood was collected in heparinized tubes (20 IU/ml) from six tick-naive, adult male Beagles bred at Yamaguchi University. A density gradient method with Lymphoprep (1.077 g/ml, Nycomed Pharma AS, Oslo, Norway) was used to separate mononuclear cells containing lymphocytes from peripheral blood [5]. Contaminated red blood cells were lysed with ammonium chloride Tris buffer (0.017 M Tris, pH 7.2 containing 0.75% NH 4 Cl). The mononuclear cells were washed twice with sterile PBS, and finally resuspended at 1 × 10 6 cells/ml in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (GIBCO BRL, U.S.A.) containin...

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Effects of Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) Salivary Gland Extracts on Bos indicus and B. taurus Lymphocytes and Macrophages: In Vitro Cytokine Elaboration and Lymphocyte Blastogenesis

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Identification of an IL-2 Binding Protein in the Saliva of the Lyme Disease Vector Tick, Ixodes scapularis

Identification of an IL-2 Binding Protein in the Saliva of the Lyme Disease Vector Tick, Ixodes scapularis

Roles of neutrophil β2 integrins in kinetics of bacteremia, extravasation, and tick acquisition of Anaplasma phagocytophila in mice

Effects of Salivary Gland Extract from Rhipicephalus sanguineus on Immunoglobulin Class Productivity of Canine Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes.

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