Effects of Detergent on Crack Initiation and Propagation in Polyethylenes

Rink, M.; Frassine, R.; Mariani, Paolo; Carianni, G.

doi:10.1016/s1566-1369(03)80087-0

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…To identify the initiation time and crack growth speed a procedure based on compliance calibration, already reported in detail in [17,20,24], was adopted. The method is based on the separation of the contributions of the material viscoelasticity and crack propagation to the time-dependent portion of the specimen compliance, , obtained from the displacements measured experimentally by the LVDT.…”

Section: Creep Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fracture mechanics has been successfully applied to the study of fracture in viscoelastic materials, as reported in several instances in the existing scientific literature [11][12][13][14]. Its use has been extended directly to study ESC of several systems [15,16], including: polystyrene in oil [17][18][19], polyethylene in various detergents [20][21][22] and polyethyleneterephtalate in sodium hydroxide [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Time-temperature equivalence in environmental stress cracking of high-density polyethylene

Contino

Andena

Rink

et al. 2018

Engineering Fracture Mechanics

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In this work the environmental stress cracking resistance of two high-density polyethylene grades, employed for the manufacturing of bleach bottles, was investigated by using a fracture mechanics approach. Two aqueous solutions similar to common bleach products (with and without sodium hypochlorite) were considered as the active environment, whose effect on both the initiation and propagation phases of fracture was evaluated for the two materials. Tests at different temperatures were performed and a time-temperature superposition scheme was applied both in air and in the active environment. Temperature was shown to influence fracture behaviour only through the material inherent viscoelasticity.

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Section: Creep Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-temperature equivalence in environmental stress cracking of high-density polyethylene

Contino

Andena

Rink

et al. 2018

Engineering Fracture Mechanics

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“…As soil does contain water, condensation on the surface of the film can occur due to the difference in temperature between the air and the plastic film. The presence of water condensation can influence the degradation of the film by changing light intensity due to sunlight reflection and environmental stress cracking effects . Condensation on the surface of the film reduces solar transmission by 13%, compared with dry film .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of soil environment on the photo‐degradation of polyethylene films

Gauthier

Nikolić

Truss

et al. 2015

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Outdoor weathering field trials performed with oxo-degradable polyethylene (PE) thin films were conducted across temperate, grassland, and subtropical sites around Australia. It was found that a site factor, that was apparently independent of total solar dose and temperature, significantly impacted the rate and extent of photo-oxidation. Controlled laboratory-based accelerated aging trials of both PE film with no prodegradant and oxo-degradable PE films (containing iron stearate) revealed that the rate and extent of PE photo-oxidation did not correlate with temperature under the film or UV exposure, but was soil dependent. Under accelerated photo-oxidative conditions, the time to reach embrittlement for a PE film aged over the soil from the temperate site (OM 8.4) was half (24.5 days) the time taken when aged over air (48 days). Further investigation revealed that humic acids and fulvic acids within soil organic matter may contribute to an increased rate of PE photo-oxidation, possibly through the formation of volatile reactive oxygen species that may form under photo-oxidative conditions. The presence of water also had a significant impact on the rate of photo-oxidation. Overall, the impact of soil on PE photo-oxidation was found to be complex and likely dependent at least in part on soil components that varied between different soil types, consequently influencing their photo-chemistry. V C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J.Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42558.

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“…The fracture behaviour of the two materials was evaluated in terms of both crack initiation and propagation. To determine the crack initiation time and the crack growth rate a procedure based on the compliance calibration described in (Rink et al, 2003;Andena et al, 2013) was adopted. According to this method, the specimen compliance can be expressed as…”

Section: Data Analysis 221 Fracture Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This approximation, which constitutes the basis of the so-called pseudo-elastic approach, was found to be adequate to describe the behaviour of a variety of polymeric materials, among which were also some nonlinear viscoelastic materials. For instance, and were used for the analysis of the Slow Crack Growth (SCG) and Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC) of several polymers (Williams and Marshall, 1975;Frassine et al, 1996;Kamaludin et al, 2017), including: -toughened polymethyl methacrylate (Mariani et al, 1996;Pini et al, 2018) -high impact polystyrene (Andena et al, 2013(Andena et al, , 2016Kamaludin et al, 2016) -polybutene (Andena et al, 2009) -polyethylene (Chan and Williams, 1983;Brown, 1986, 1987;Chang and Donovan, 1989;Rink et al, 2003;Frank, Pinter and Lang, 2009;Contino et al, 2016Contino et al, , 2018Kamaludin et al, 2016) Assumptions on the validity of these two fracture parameters and of Equation (1) are supported by the accurate description of the fracture behaviour of the polymers considered in these works.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison between $K$ and $G$ approaches for a viscoelastic material: the case of environmental stress cracking of HDPE

Contino

Andena

Valle

et al. 2019

Mech Time-Depend Mater

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According to Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics the stress intensity factor and the energy release rate are two fracture parameters linked by the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of the considered material. This concept has been extended to the analysis of linear viscoelastic materials, by introducing time-dependent quantities; it is also used for nonlinear viscoelastic polymers, even if its accuracy in this case is still an open question. In this work the Slow Crack Growth and the Environmental Stress Cracking resistance of two highdensity polyethylene grades were investigated, differing for their molecular weight distribution and fracture resistance. The description of the fracture behaviour of the two materials provided by the stress intensity factor or the energy release rate turned out to be equivalent, despite the nonlinear mechanical behaviour exhibited by the two polymers. Moreover, a time-dependent effective modulus, related to the two fracture parameters, was evaluated: its value was in good agreement with the modulus experimentally determined from tensile tests. A constant relevant effective strain was found despite the different testing conditions (i.e. applied mechanical loading, temperature and presence of an active environment), its value being equal for the two considered polyethylenes.

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Effects of Detergent on Crack Initiation and Propagation in Polyethylenes

Cited by 15 publications

References 6 publications

Time-temperature equivalence in environmental stress cracking of high-density polyethylene

Time-temperature equivalence in environmental stress cracking of high-density polyethylene

Effect of soil environment on the photo‐degradation of polyethylene films

A comparison between $K$ and $G$ approaches for a viscoelastic material: the case of environmental stress cracking of HDPE

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