Effects of Dextroamphetamine and Contingency Management on a Preschooler With ADHD and Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Psychopharmacological and Other Treatments in Preschool Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Current Evidence and Practice

“…Of the 20 published studies on the use of stimulants in preschool children, 12 double-blind group treatment studies (one parallel groups, 10 crossover and 1 ABA design) included 417 preschool children treated with methylphenidate (MPH). Two double-blind MPH/ placebo crossover studies included both preschool and older children, but did not specify the number of preschool participants (Barkley 1988;Fischer and Newby 1991); and one blinded time series treated one preschool child with dextroamphetamine (Speltz et al 1988). The remaining five published reports are open-label studies or case reports involving a total of 61 preschool children treated with MPH or dextroamphetamine (Alessandri and Schramm 1991;Byrne et al 1998;Cohen et al 1981;Ghuman et al 2001;Stiefel and Dossetor 1998).…”

“…Twelve of the fifteen blinded MPH studies treated typically developing preschool children with ADHD; seven studies included only preschool children (Barkley 1988;Conners 1975;Firestone et al 1998;Greenhill et al 2006;Musten et al 1997;Schleifer et al 1975;Short et al 2004;Speltz et al 1988), while the other six studies included both preschool and older children Chacko et al 2005;Cunningham et al 1985;Fischer and Newby 1991). Of the other two studies, one included a mixture of inpatient or outpatient preschool and school age children with ADHD who were either typically developing or had autism or other developmental disorders (Mayes et al 1994), and the one remaining blinded study treated preschool children with developmental disorders (Handen et al 1999).…”

Efficacy and Safety of Medication for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents with Common Comorbidities: A Systematic Review

“…For safety, there were four meta-analyses/pooled analyses [ 16 , 18 , 19 , 39 ], 33 RCTs and associated extension studies [ 28 – 34 , 36 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 43 – 46 , 48 , 50 , 52 , 55 , 56 , 60 – 63 , 66 – 68 , 70 – 73 , 76 , 84 ], 11 cohort studies [ 53 , 54 , 58 , 69 , 74 , 79 , 83 , 86 , 87 , 90 , 91 ], and 16 case reports or case series [ 47 , 49 , 51 , 57 , 59 , 64 , 65 , 75 , 77 , 78 , 80 – 82 , 85 , 88 , 89 ]. Most of the meta-analyses and RCTs were conducted in patients with ADHD and autism spectrum disorders or ODD, and more information was available on treatment with MPHs and ATX in these patients, with very few studies on AMPs or GXR (Table 1 ).…”

Stimulant medication in pre‐school children in New South Wales

“…Developmental delay was also highly prevalent (43%). In younger children, oppositional defiant disorder is an early predictor of serious antisocial behaviour, with poorer adolescent outcomes than a diagnosis of ADHD alone and more psychiatric disorder at follow up 11–13 . Recognising that children with ADHD can present early with co‐morbid disorders is important for the implementation of treatment that could influence the long‐term outcome and development of skills.…”