Effects of diaphragmatic breathing on ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate

Lee, John S.; Lee, Mary S.; Lee, Jong Yeon; Cornélissen, Germaine; Otsuka, Kuniaki; Halberg, Franz

doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2003.08.011

Cited by 23 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…30 -33 BP declines in the night-time during sleep, with a modest rise preawakening to regain daytime BP levels in the normal individual. 2,3,30,34,35 In ABP profiles from healthy school children aged 5-18 y, the peaktrough difference (amplitude) was 25.9 mmHg, with the peaks (acrophase) occurring at early afternoon hours during the 24-h ambulatory monitoring. 36 An actively regulated central mechanism is involved in BP resetting of the baroreflex during night-time sleep and extrinsically induced non-dipping sustained BP will be the result of an actively lowered baroreflex set point.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rat blood pressure after embryo transfer into different wombs and cross-suckling

Lee

Azar

2010

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Blood pressure (BP) varies based on genetic and environmental factors. To test genetic and environmental influences on body weight (BW) and BP, one-cell homozygous embryos were transferred into spontaneously hypertensive (SHR, pup:shr) or (Wistar-Kyoto normotensive [WKY], pup:wky) normotensive rats' oviducts (embryos: s,w; oviduct-uterine: S,W), cross-suckled at birth (nurses S,W) and weaned to normal diets at day-21. BP at day-120 was measured by radiotelemetry and analyzed by methods of linear least square rhythmometry and analysis of variance. Genetics dominantly affected shr BP, causing it to be significantly higher at birth (24.6 ± 1.8 in sS versus 21.8 ± 1.7 mmHg in wW, P < 0.005), and at day-120 (198 ± 0.5 in sSS versus 127 ± 0.2 mmHg in wWW, P < 0.001), with lower BW than those of wky (5.3 ± 0.2 versus 5.7 ± 0.2 g at birth, 332 ± 5 versus 404 ± 6 g at day-120, both P < 0.001). Surprisingly, uterine-suckling milieus lowered shr BP significantly at day-120 (198 ± 0.5 in sSS versus 178 ± 0.5, 147 ± 0.6, 179 ± 0.5 mmHg in sSW, sWS, sWW, respectively, all P < 0.01). BP was slightly elevated when wky-genetics were implanted into the S-uterine by 4 mmHg (wSW, P < 0.05), whereas implanting shr embryos into the W-uterine environment (sWS) lowered BP by 51 mmHg (P < 0.001). In summary, the hypertensive shr-strain showed significantly lower BP when provided with an WKY-uterine environment and/or by WKY-nursing mothers, indicating that environment can modify genetic influences; yet the shr MESORs (rhythm-adjusted 24-h mean: midline estimating statistic of rhythm) lowered by WKY environments remained above MESORs encountered in wky-donors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rat blood pressure after embryo transfer into different wombs and cross-suckling

Lee

Azar

2010

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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“…Heart rate increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration while arterial blood pressure is lowered [ 106 ]. DB enhances the fluctuations in blood pressure and heart rate [ 103 ] via slow breathing [ 107 ] and diaphragm excursions, therefore improving the baroreflex sensitivity, heart rate variability, and blood pressure oscillations [ 103 , 108 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Diaphragmatic Breathing on Health: A Narrative Review

Hamasaki¹

2020

Medicines

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Background: Breathing is an essential part of life. Diaphragmatic breathing (DB) is slow and deep breathing that affects the brain and the cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems through the modulation of autonomic nervous functions. However, the effects of DB on human health need to be further investigated. Methods: The author conducted a PubMed search regarding the current evidence of the effect of DB on health. Results: This review consists of a total of 10 systematic reviews and 15 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). DB appears to be effective for improving the exercise capacity and respiratory function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although the effect of DB on the quality of life (QoL) of patients with asthma needs to be investigated, it may also help in reducing stress; treating eating disorders, chronic functional constipation, hypertension, migraine, and anxiety; and improving the QoL of patients with cancer and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and the cardiorespiratory fitness of patients with heart failure. Conclusions: Based on this narrative review, the exact usefulness of DB in clinical practice is unclear due to the poor quality of studies. However, it may be a feasible and practical treatment method for various disorders.

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“…Similar results are reported by Critchley et al ( 2015 ) study on hypoxia. Many other studies show that slow and diaphragmatic breathing increases PNS activity, as measured by blood pressure, heart rate or heart rate variability (HRV; Hirsch and Bishop, 1981 ; Lee et al, 2003 ; Pal et al, 2004 ; Lehrer and Gevirtz, 2014 ; Van Diest et al, 2014 ; Mortola et al, 2015 ; Perciavalle et al, 2017 ; Tavares et al, 2017 ; for some conflicting results see and Montgomery, 1994 ; Conrad et al, 2007 ). In sum, experimental slowing of respiration seems to shift the balance between SNS and PNS activity towards the latter.…”

Section: Effective Factors In Contactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most experimental studies show higher HRV following breathing instructions, consistent with the involvement of rVNS. In particular, there is ample evidence that slow and deep breathing increase HRV indices of vagal tone (Hirsch and Bishop, 1981 ; Pal et al, 2004 ; Larsen et al, 2010 ; Lehrer and Gevirtz, 2014 ; Critchley et al, 2015 ; Mortola et al, 2015 ; Tavares et al, 2017 ) and lowers stress markers such as: heart rate, blood pressure and salivary cortisol (Lee et al, 2003 ; Pramanik et al, 2009 ; Perciavalle et al, 2017 ). Van Diest et al ( 2014 ) looked specifically at the effects of different inhalation/exhalation ratio at either slow or normal respiration rate on different HRV measures (peak-valley, HF): higher HRV (both measures) was reported in the slow respiration condition, but only for extended exhalation, inhalation/exhalation ratio: 0.24, and not for extended inhalation, inhalation/exhalation ratio: 2.33.…”

Section: The Respiratory Vagal Stimulation Model Of Contemplative Actmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is here proposed that these beneficial effects occur by (chronic) stress relief as a result of vagal dominance by rVNS. In other words: breathing exercises produce stress relief (Lee et al, 2003 ; Pramanik et al, 2009 ; Perciavalle et al, 2017 ). We have also already indicated that chronic and high levels of stress are negatively related to executive functions and PFC functioning.…”

Section: The Respiratory Vagal Stimulation Model Of Contemplative Actmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breath of Life: The Respiratory Vagal Stimulation Model of Contemplative Activity

Gerritsen

Band

2018

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

184

131

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Contemplative practices, such as meditation and yoga, are increasingly popular among the general public and as topics of research. Beneficial effects associated with these practices have been found on physical health, mental health and cognitive performance. However, studies and theories that clarify the underlying mechanisms are lacking or scarce. This theoretical review aims to address and compensate this scarcity. We will show that various contemplative activities have in common that breathing is regulated or attentively guided. This respiratory discipline in turn could parsimoniously explain the physical and mental benefits of contemplative activities through changes in autonomic balance. We propose a neurophysiological model that explains how these specific respiration styles could operate, by phasically and tonically stimulating the vagal nerve: respiratory vagal nerve stimulation (rVNS). The vagal nerve, as a proponent of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), is the prime candidate in explaining the effects of contemplative practices on health, mental health and cognition. We will discuss implications and limitations of our model.

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Effects of diaphragmatic breathing on ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate

Cited by 23 publications

References 24 publications

Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rat blood pressure after embryo transfer into different wombs and cross-suckling

Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rat blood pressure after embryo transfer into different wombs and cross-suckling

Effects of Diaphragmatic Breathing on Health: A Narrative Review

Breath of Life: The Respiratory Vagal Stimulation Model of Contemplative Activity

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