Effects of diet α-ketoglutarate (AKG) supplementation on the growth performance, antioxidant defense system, intestinal digestive enzymes, and immune response of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

Xue, Lin; Jin, Bai-tao; Wang, Hongquan; Zhao, Yurong

doi:10.1007/s10499-019-00475-2

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 50 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…These findings indicated that AKG reduced the lipid peroxidation level of common carp in the LP diet and provided the carp with a stronger ability to resist oxygen free radicals, positively impacting the growth performance and health of the fish, which might be attributed to the conversion from AKG to glutamine and finally to GSH ( 34 ). MDA is the end product of lipid peroxidation, which indicates an imbalance of the antioxidant system in fish ( 35 ). In this study, MDA content in an LP diet was significantly reduced with 0.4% AKG supplementation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Protein Diets Supplemented With Alpha-Ketoglutarate Enhance the Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Intestinal Health in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Fan

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To investigate the effects of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) supplementation in a low protein (LP) diet on the growth performance, immune response, and intestinal health of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), 600 carp were randomly divided into five dietary groups: a normal protein (NP) diet containing 32% crude protein, an LP diet formulated with 28% crude protein, and LP with AKG at 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% (dry matter). After an 8-week trial period, the results demonstrated that an LP diet led to a decrease in performance, immune response, and intestinal barrier function. Compared with the LP group, the final body weight and weight gain rate in the LP+0.4% AKG group were significantly higher, the feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased with the addition of 0.4% and 0.8% AKG. The supplementation with 0.4% and 0.8% AKG markedly increased the activities of T-SOD and GSH-Px, as well as the expression levels of GPX1a and GPX1b relative to the LP group, whereas the MDA content was significantly decreased in the LP+0.4% AKG group. In addition, the expression levels of tight junctions including claudin-3, claudin-7, ZO-1, and MLCK were significantly up-regulated in the LP+0.4% AKG group, and the relative expression levels of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6α were significantly lower with the addition of 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% AKG. Moreover, the abundance of Proteobacteria in the LP+0.4% AKG group was lower than that in the LP group, and the abundance of Firmicutes and Fusobacteria was higher at the phylum level. The abundance of Citrobacter in the LP+0.4% AKG group was decreased compared to the LP group, while the abundance of Aeromonas was increased at the genus level. In short, the effects of AKG on the intestinal health of the common carp were systematically and comprehensively evaluated from the perspectives of intestinal physical barrier, chemical barrier, biological barrier, and immune barrier. We found that an LP diet supplemented with 0.4% AKG was beneficial to the growth performance and intestinal health of common carp.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Protein Diets Supplemented With Alpha-Ketoglutarate Enhance the Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Intestinal Health in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Fan

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Lemire et al [ 36 ] reported that glutamate, a product of histidine catabolism, was involved in the generation of the antioxidant α-ketoglutarate, which is also considered a crucial molecule in cellular redox regulation [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. In aquatic animals, α-ketoglutarate supplementation in the diet enhanced the antioxidant capacity in grass carp [ 41 , 42 ], hybrid sturgeon ( Acipenser schrenckii ♀× A. baerii ♂ ) [ 43 ], Songpu mirror carp [ 44 ], and common carp [ 45 ]. Hence, histidine exerts its antioxidant functions through its metabolite α-ketoglutaric acid.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histidine Deficiency Inhibits Intestinal Antioxidant Capacity and Induces Intestinal Endoplasmic-Reticulum Stress, Inflammatory Response, Apoptosis, and Necroptosis in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Liang

Gao

et al. 2022

Antioxidants

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This 56-day study aimed to evaluate the effects of histidine levels on intestinal antioxidant capacity and endoplasmic-reticulum stress (ERS) in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The initial weights of the largemouth bass were (12.33 ± 0.01) g. They were fed six graded levels of histidine: 0.71% (deficient group), 0.89%, 1.08%, 1.26%, 1.48%, and 1.67%. The results showed that histidine deficiency significantly suppressed the intestinal antioxidant enzyme activities, including SOD, CAT, GPx, and intestinal level of GSH, which was supported by significantly higher levels of intestinal MDA. Moreover, histidine deficiency significantly lowered the mRNA level of nrf2 and upregulated the mRNA level of keap1, which further lowered the mRNA levels of the downstream genes sod, cat, and gpx. Additionally, histidine-deficiency-induced intestinal ERS, which was characterized by activating the PEPK-signalling pathway and IRE1-signalling pathway, including increased core gene expression of pepk, grp78, eif2α, atf4, chopα, ire1, xbp1, traf2, ask1, and jnk1. Dietary histidine deficiency also induced apoptosis and necroptosis in the intestine by upregulating the expressions of proapoptotic genes, including caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9, and bax, and necroptosis-related genes, including mlkl and ripk3, while also lowering the mRNA level of the antiapoptotic gene bcl-2. Furthermore, histidine deficiency activated the NF-κB-signalling pathway to induce an inflammatory response, improving the mRNA levels of the proinflammatory factors tnf-α, hepcidin 1, cox2, cd80, and cd83 and lowering the mRNA levels of the anti-inflammatory factors tgf-β1 and ikbα. Similarly, dietary histidine deficiency significantly lowered the intestinal levels of the anti-inflammatory factors TGF-β and IL-10 and upregulated the intestinal levels of the proinflammatory factor TNF-α, showing a trend similar to the gene expression of inflammatory factors. However, dietary histidine deficiency inhibited only the level of C3, and no significant effects were observed for IgM, IgG, HSP70, or IFN-γ. Based on the MDA and T-SOD results, the appropriate dietary histidine requirements of juvenile largemouth bass were 1.32% of the diet (2.81% dietary protein) and 1.47% of the diet (3.13% dietary protein), respectively, as determined by quadratic regression analysis.

show abstract

“…AKG has been shown to reduce oxidative stress, activate the antioxidant system, and improve the resistance of S. cerevisiae cells to hydrogen peroxide [ 27 ]. In grass carps, AKG supplementation led to a significant increase in the glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, while reducing the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in blood [ 28 ]. Moreover, AKG administered to rats through the nasal route had beneficial effects in protecting the lung tissues from oxidative damage caused due to ammonia [ 29 ] probably by improving SOD, CAT, and glutathione (GSH) activities and reducing MDA levels and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, AKG administered to rats through the nasal route had beneficial effects in protecting the lung tissues from oxidative damage caused due to ammonia [ 29 ] probably by improving SOD, CAT, and glutathione (GSH) activities and reducing MDA levels and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Hence, AKG supplementation has been proved useful in alleviating oxidative stress and/or improving the antioxidant defense mechanism in a range of organisms, such as single-cell organisms [ 27 , 30 ] rats [ 29 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], fishes [ 28 ], and poultry [ 25 , 26 , 29 , 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of In Ovo Injection of α-Ketoglutaric Acid on Hatchability, Growth, Plasma Metabolites, and Antioxidant Status of Broilers

Gupta

Ncho²,

Goel³

et al. 2022

Antioxidants

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Recently, α-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) has gained importance as an antioxidant. Its dietary supplementation in animals and humans has proved beneficial. Moreover, an extensive group of studies on in ovo feeding has proved that it produces better day-old chicks and overall performance. Combining the two, we hypothesized that in ovo feeding of AKG could improve the antioxidant status in addition to chick quality and broiler performance. At 17.5 days of incubation, eggs were divided into one of five groups: eggs that received (i) no injection (U-CON), (ii) distilled water (DDW) only (0 AKG), (iii) 0.5% AKG dissolved in DDW (0.5 AKG), (iv) 1.0% AKG dissolved in DDW (1.0 AKG), or (v) 1.5% AKG dissolved in DDW (1.5 AKG). Chicks were raised until 21 days of age. Biological samples were collected on day 0 and day 21. Body weight (p = 0.020), average daily gain (p = 0.025), and average daily feed intake (p = 0.036) were found to quadratically increase with the amount of AKG during the grower phase. At day 0, the absolute (p = 0.040) and relative weight (p = 0.035) of the liver increased linearly with an increasing amount of AKG. The 0.5 AKG group had significantly higher plasma protein (p = 0.025), absolute and relative heart indices at day 0 (p = 0.006). An in ovo feeding of AKG improved the plasma antioxidant capacity of chicks at day 0 as compared to 0 AKG. AKG effect was seen on the plasma antioxidant balance, which increased linearly with the increasing dose of in ovo AKG. Furthermore, 1.0 AKG and 1.5 AKG showed a significant (p = 0.002) upregulation of the hepatic mRNA expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NRF2) in comparison to 0 AKG. The results imply that without negatively affecting hatchability performance, in ovo feeding of AKG has beneficial effects on the antioxidant status of broilers.

show abstract

Effects of diet α-ketoglutarate (AKG) supplementation on the growth performance, antioxidant defense system, intestinal digestive enzymes, and immune response of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

Cited by 14 publications

References 50 publications

Low Protein Diets Supplemented With Alpha-Ketoglutarate Enhance the Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Intestinal Health in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Low Protein Diets Supplemented With Alpha-Ketoglutarate Enhance the Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Intestinal Health in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Histidine Deficiency Inhibits Intestinal Antioxidant Capacity and Induces Intestinal Endoplasmic-Reticulum Stress, Inflammatory Response, Apoptosis, and Necroptosis in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Effects of In Ovo Injection of α-Ketoglutaric Acid on Hatchability, Growth, Plasma Metabolites, and Antioxidant Status of Broilers

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About