Effects of dietary aflatoxin on biochemical parameters and histopathology of liver in Matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) and Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fish

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate biochemical parameters and histopathology of liver in Matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) and Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fish chronically exposed to dietary aflatoxins. Fish feed was artificially contaminated with aflatoxins and the treatments were: Control – feed without toxin; Treatment A – feed + 10 μg aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)/kg; Treatment B – feed + 20 μg AFB1/kg; and Treatment C – feed + 50 μg AFB1/kg. Matrinxã and Pacu juvenile fish were placed in tanks for 180 days. Five experimental units per treatment were monthly sampled and submitted to blood collection and removal of hepatic tissue. Thus, twenty blood and liver samples for each species were collected monthly, adding up to 240 samples analysed. To verify biochemical changes, analyses included total proteins, albumin, globulins, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The hepatic tissue was examined microscopically and the slides presenting histopathological changes were photo-documented. There was effect of treatment (P<0.05) for AST and ALP in Matrinxã, while no effect (P>0.05) was observed in Pacu. A reduction (P<0.05) in AST and ALP values during the time of exposure was observed in all treatments for both species. Fatty degeneration and liver damage were observed for both species in treatments exposed to aflatoxins. Fatty degeneration in Pacu was noticed after 30 days of exposure, while in Matrinxã it was observed after 60 days. Disorganisation of the hepatocyte cord arrangement was also observed in those treatments exposed to aflatoxin, following 90 days of exposure in Matrinxã, and after 60 days in Pacu. Therefore, aflatoxins have little influence on biochemical parameters in the species evaluated. However, exposure to aflatoxins caused liver changes, such as cell death, fatty and hydropic degeneration, thus it could be concluded that both species are susceptible to the toxic effects of long-term exposure to dietary AFB1.

Dietary Chlorella vulgaris mitigated the adverse effects of Imidacloprid on the growth performance, antioxidant, and immune responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

“…However, some variations were observed depending on the Chlorella vulgaris concentration. Michelin et al, 2021 showed that Aflatoxin can reduce immune parameters of fish such as Lysozyme, ACH50, Ig, MPO, NBT, C3, and C4 while Fadl et al (2021) reported an increase in the same parameters after adding Dunaliella algae to the dietary. Likewise in this study, Lysozyme activity was increased in the blood of common carp, under the Chlorella vulgaris diet while the highest immune responses were observed in the fish fed by diets containing 5% Chlorella vulgaris except for Ig and Peroxidase which are higher in 10% of Chlorella vulgaris dry powder dietary fed fish.…”

EVALUATION OF ZOOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS FOR FINGERLINGS OF Brycon cephalus SABALO COLA ROJA, IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF SOUTHERN PERU

“…Para especies tropicales semejantes, se tienen mortalidades en alevinaje hasta 10%, para cultivo de gamitana, paco y policultivo de paco y gamitana en estanques de tierra y geomembrana (Dañino et al, 2009;Suárez et al, 2006;Sandoval, 2006). Por lo que el cultivo se vio ileso de presencia de agentes patógenos que puedan perjudicar a los ejemplares y disminuir la sobrevivencia como es el caso de las aflatoxinas que suelen presentarse y acumularse en los tejidos de los individuos, de tal manera que puedan influenciar los resultados finales en cuanto al peso y longitud, tal como lo demuestra Michelin et al (2021) en su experimentación, dando a conocer los efectos tóxicos debido a la susceptibilidad de B. cephalus y P. mesopotamicus a la exposición a diferentes concentraciones de aflatoxinas B1. Al igual que Rivadeneira et al (2020) donde revela los efectos causados por Spirocamallus y Nematoda en B. cephalus, considerándolos como un gran problema en la salud de los peces.…”

Estudio de las aflatoxinas en alimento balanceado, de sus efectos adversos en una especie de pez autóctona de importancia para la acuicultura, el pacú (<i>Piaractus mesopotamicus</i>), e identificación de biomarcadores empleando metabolómica

“…La ALP, es una enzima que se encuentra en el hígado y los huesos y es importante para descomponer las proteínas. Si los niveles de ALP en plasma son más altos de lo normal, es posible que el hígado sufra de alguna enfermedad o daño, como una vía biliar obstruida, o exista alguna enfermedad ósea (Michelin et al 2021b).…”

“…Los resultados obtenidos para la acumulación excesiva de grasa en el hígado (esteatosis) se corresponden a lo reportado por Michelin et al (2021b) para la misma especie en los primeros 30 días de exposición. Donde los autores indican que la exposición a las aflatoxinas en la dieta provoca cambios en el hígado, como la muerte celular y la degeneración grasa e hidrópica.…”