Effects of Dietary Arginine and Glutamine on Alleviating the Impairment Induced by Deoxynivalenol Stress and Immune Relevant Cytokines in Growing Pigs

Abstract

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that reduces feed intake and animal performance, especially in swine. Arginine and glutamine play important roles in swine nutrition. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with arginine and glutamine on both the impairment induced by DON stress and immune relevant cytokines in growing pigs. A total of forty 60-d-old healthy growing pigs with a mean body weight of 16.28±1.54 kg were randomly divided into 5 groups, and assigned to 3 amino acid treatments fed 1.0% arginine (Arg), 1.0% glutamine (Gln) and 0.5% Arg+0.5% Gln, respectively, plus a toxin control and a non-toxin control. Pigs in the 3 amino acid treatments were fed the corresponding amino acids, and those in non-toxin control and toxin control were fed commercial diet with 1.64% Alanine as isonitrogenous control for 7 days. The toxin control and amino acid treatments were then challenged by feeding DON-contaminated diet with a final DON concentration of 6 mg/kg of diet for 21 days. No significant differences were observed between toxin control and the amino acid groups with regard to the average daily gain (ADG), although the values for average daily feed intake (ADFI) in the amino acid groups were significantly higher than that in toxin control (P<0.01). The relative liver weight in toxin control was significantly greater than those in non-toxin control, arginine and Arg+Glu groups (P<0.01), but there were no significant differences in other organs. With regard to serum biochemistry, the values of BUN, ALP, ALT and AST in the amino acid groups were lower than those in toxin control. IGF1, GH and SOD in the amino acid groups were significantly higher than those in toxin control (P<0.01). The IL-2 and TNFα values in the amino acid groups were similar to those in non-toxin control, and significantly lower than those in toxin control (P<0.01). These results showed the effects of dietary supplementation with arginine and glutamine on alleviating the impairment induced by DON stress and immune relevant cytokines in growing pigs.

Hepatotoxic effects of mycotoxin combinations in mice

“…Meanwhile, DON slightly increased serum TP and ALB concentrations compared with the control. These outcomes are similar to previous studies, which provided evidence that liver injury was induced by AFB1, ZEA and DON (Bagherzadeh Kasmani et al, 2012;Jiang et al, 2011;Wu et al, 2013a). Notably, the combination of mycotoxins AFB1 + DON displaying a synergetic effect on ALT, and AFB1 + ZEA displaying antagonistic effect on AST in vivo are newly illustrated by us in the present study.…”

“…The activities of enzymes such as ALT and AST as well as the concentrations of TP and ALB in serum have been described as valuable indicators of hepatic injury and function (Bagherzadeh Kasmani et al, 2012;Jiang et al, 2011;Wu et al, 2013a). In this study, administration of AFB1, ZEA and DON increased ALT and/or AST activity in serum.…”

Effects of dietary l-glutamine supplementation on specific and general defense responses in mice immunized with inactivated Pasteurella multocida vaccine

“…This result suggests a reduction in oxidative stress in response to glutamine supplementation. Similarly, numerous well-designed investigations have consistently indicated that glutamine increases anti-oxidative capacity in mice (Ren et al 2014b;Cruzat et al 2014), rats (Xu et al 2014), pigs (Wu et al 2011b(Wu et al , 2013cWang et al 2008), and sheep (Sawant et al 2014;Washburn et al 2013). Furthermore, we found that dietary supplementation with 0.5 % glutamine decreased the expression of virulence factors of P. multocida, as we previously reported (Ren et al 2013e).…”

“…This is surprising because glutamine has been reported to enhance general immune responses in animals, including pigs (Wu et al 2013c), mice (Ren et al 2013a), and cows (Caroprese et al ). Of note, mRNA levels for GPx-1 and CuZnSOD were lower in the spleen of glutamine-supplemented mice, compared to the control group.…”

Long-term effects of oral tea polyphenols and Lactobacillus brevis M8 on biochemical parameters, digestive enzymes, and cytokines expression in broilers

“…Serum levels of GLU, LDL-C, TG, CHO, and HDL-C were tested as a reflection of the metabolism and inner organ status of the animal (Wu et al, 2013). The present study revealed that supplementations with TP and LB influence serum LDL-C, TG, and HDL-C concentrations in chickens.…”