Effects of dietary betaine on cholesterol metabolism and hepatopancreas function in gibel carp ( Carassius gibelio ) fed with a high‐fat diet

Abstract

This research aimed to investigate the role of dietary betaine in high-fat diet in cholesterol metabolism in gibel carp. Fish were randomly allocated to five groups and fed with basic diet, high-fat diet and high-fat diet with 1 g/kg, 4 g/kg and 16 g/kg betaine, respectively. The feeding trial lasted 10 weeks. The results showed that though betaine addition decreased fish final body weight, it alleviated lipid metabolism disorder caused by high-fat diet according to serum TC, TG, LDLC and HDLC levels. More importantly, betaine supplementation enhanced cholesterol synthesis as well as conversion of cholesterol to bile acid by promoting expression of HMGCR and CYP7A1 genes. Meanwhile, betaine supplementation not only promoted bile acid efflux and increased total bile acid level in the intestine but also improved intestinal lipase activity.Moreover, high-fat diet with betaine addition improved the hepatopancreas' antioxidant capacity, lessened hepatopancreas injury and increased fish survival during the feeding trial and under bacterial challenge. In summary, dietary betaine supplementation was beneficial to alleviate high-fat feeding-induced lipid metabolism disorder, promote cholesterol conversion to bile acid and enhance hepatopancreas function in gibel carp.

Effect of Adding L-carnitine to High-Fat/Low-Protein Diets of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the Mechanism of Regulation of Fat and Protein Metabolism

“…Diet 2 had much less protein deposition than Diet 1, implying that a reduction in protein intake from the diet would lead to a decrease in protein deposition in carp muscle. In gibel carp (Carassius gibelio), similar results were observed [24] and rice field eel [20].…”

The Dietary Mixture of Betaine, Lactic Acid Bacteria, and Exogenous Digestive Enzymes Enhanced the Growth Performance, Intestinal Health, and Immunity of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Grown in Outdoor Concrete Tanks

“…In addition, betaine can regulate digestive enzymes and result in efficient feed digestion (Lim et al, 2022). Besides, betaine is an attractant agent involved in enhancing the feed intake, which is evident in this study (Adjoumani et al, 2017;Dong et al, 2021). Betaine also acts as a methyl donor, which helps with the protein and energy metabolism in fish's entire body (Virtanen et al, 1989).…”

“…Betaine has many metabolic roles, including osmoregulation and methyl donor (Virtanen et al, 1989). Further, betaine has attractant and lipid metabolic roles (Adjoumani et al, 2017;Dong et al, 2021). The inclusion of betaine in aquafeed resulted in high feed intake and growth performance of several aquatic animals (Ghosh et al, 2019;Shi et al, 2021).…”

Comparative Proteomic Analysis Revealed the Mechanism of Tea Tree Oil Targeting Lipid Metabolism and Antioxidant System to Protect Hepatopancreatic Health in Macrobrachium rosenbergii

“…In addition, free radicals react with cell membrane phospholipids (glycerophospholipid synthesis) to produce lipid peroxides ( 75 ). Studies have demonstrated that the downregulation of these proteins reduces lipid peroxidation activity ( 76 , 77 ). Besides, CYP1A1 and GSTT1 were inversely correlated with the AST and ALT.…”