Effects of Dietary Blend of Algae Extract Supplementation on Growth, Biochemical, Haemato-Immunological Response, and Immune Gene Expression in Labeo rohita with Aeromonas hydrophila Post-Challenges

Abstract

In this study, the effects of a mixed algal blend (Chlorella vulgaris, Euglena viridis, and Spirulina platensis) at different levels were evaluated on growth, hematological immune responses, and expression of immune genes in Labeo rohita against post-challenges of Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish samples were fed a diet containing different levels of mixed blend algal (0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.08% of basal diet). At the end of the feeding period, the fish were challenged with A. hydrophila and fish mortality was recorded over a 14-days period. To evaluate the serum biochemical (albumin, globulin), hematological parameters (Hb, RBC and WBC) and immune parameters (neutrophil activity, lysozyme activity, myeloperoxidase activity, antiprotease activity, ceruloplasmin activity, and bactericidal activity), as well as the expression of immune genes (NKEF-B, Lysozyme C and G, TNF α, TLR22, β2M, and β-actin), fish were sampled on Day 7, 14, 21 and 28. Fish were challenged with virulent A. hydrophila 30 days post-feeding and mortalities were recorded over 30 days post-infection. Results demonstrate that fish fed with a mixed algal blend showed that total body weight gain, specific growth rate, total serum protein, globulin, total hemoglobin content, white blood cells, neutrophil, lysozyme, bactericidal, myeloperoxidase, and antiprotease activity in dietary algae blended application was higher than in the control (p < 0.05). According to the results, relative expression of target genes showed significant increases of 0.02 to 0.04% in the treatment group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). At the end of the 30-day exposure to A. hydrophila, the fish that received the mixed algal blend had a significantly higher rate of survival than the control group, with the highest survival rate recorded in the 0.02% mixed algal blend (p < 0.05). According to the effective results of the mixed algal blend on stimulating the immune system and increasing fish resistance to A. hydrophila, it is recommended to use 0.02 to 0.04% of this mixed algal blend in rohu, L. rohita diets.

Evaluating the Effects of Chlorella sp. and Schizochytrium sp. Extracts, Individually and in Combination, on Growth Performance, Body Composition, and Gene Expression Related to Growth, Digestion, Antioxidant, and Immune Responses in Rainbow Trout

“…The search for natural alternatives to growth and immunity promoters in aquaculture has been spurred by the need for safe, organic, and healthful food on a global scale (Ashour et al, 2021). Microalgae have become a more affordable and ecologically friendly alternative source of almost all the nutrients that sh need due to the rise in sh production in recent years (Sattanathan et al, 2022). Minerals, antioxidants, proteins, lipids, pigments, and numerous bioactive compounds are all abundant in algae (Peixoto et al, 2019;Safavi et al, 2019;Sajina et al, 2019;Sharawy et al, 2020).…”

“…The bene cial effects of algal bioactive compounds on the growth performance of different sh species have been shown in earlier research. As an example, in a study by Sattanathan et al (2022), it was observed that the growth performance of rohu carp (Labeo rohita) improved when fed diets enriched with Chlorella vulgaris, Euglena viridis, and Spirulina platensis. Based on the ndings of Ashour et al (2020), the growth performance of Nile tilapia was signi cantly enhanced when fed diets containing a 2% level of commercial liquid seaweed extract (TAM).…”

“…These ndings are consistent with earlier studies that examined sh-fed diets enriched with different types of algae. For instance, Sattanathan et al (2022) reported that the mixed algae blend (Spirulina platensis, Euglena viridis, and Chlorella vulgaris) signi cantly enhanced the immune response, immune gene expressions, and disease resistance in Labeo rohita. As with other treatments and controls, Kiadaliri et al (2020) found signi cant increases in TNFα and IL-1β cytokine gene expression levels following bacterial challenge in rainbow trout fed a diet containing 1.5% L. caspica extract.…”

Enhancement of Skin Mucus Immunity, Carotenoid Content, Sexual Parameters, and Growth Response in Guppy Fish (Poecilia reticulata) Fed with Green Algae (Chaetomorpha aerea) Diets

“…Enhanced growth performance, health, nutritional performance, and coloration have been declared with dietary small amounts of microalgae inclusion (1-5%) in a range of fish species [72,73]. Spirulina is a microalga commercially used as a supplementary food in human nutrition and finfish diets due to its rich source of protein, indispensable fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals [72,[74][75][76]. The effects of dietary Spirulina on the growth performance and skin coloration have been studied for ornamental finfish species, including red swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri [77], goldfish, Carassius auratus [78,79], yellow tail cichlid, Pseudo tropheusacei [72], and three-spot gourami, Trichopodus trichopterus [80].…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Mithun (Bos frontalis) Urine-Based Antibacterial Copper Oxide Nanoparticles

“…The ultimate state, which is associated with inadequate water quality, malnourishment, and other related factors, is non-communicable in fish. Non-communicable diseases encompass a range of conditions that may arise due to factors such as hyper aeration, inadequate nutrient intake (including vitamin and mineral deficiencies), exposure to industrial and agricultural pollutants, genetic mutations, and neoplastic anomalies, which involve abnormal growth and development of organs resulting in their structural and functional impairment [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. The alternative form of ailment is pathogenic in nature and is believed to be especially deleterious due to its propensity for transmission between fish, ultimately leading to substantial mortality rates.…”