Effects of dietary fishmeal replacement with Spirulina platensis on the growth, feed utilization, digestion and physiological parameters in juvenile gibel carp (Carassis auratus gibelio var. CAS III)

Abstract

A 60-day growth experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary replacement of fishmeal by Spirulina platensis on growth performance, digestion and physiological parameters in juvenile gibel carp (5.0 AE 1.0 g). Four diets were formulated to replace 0 (SP0), 50% (SP50), 75% (SP75) and 100% (SP100) of dietary fishmeal protein by S. platensis respectively. Other two diets based on SP100 were supplemented with 2% dicalcium phosphate (SP100 + P) or 0.28% coated lysine (SP100 + Lys). The results showed that no significant differences of specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), feeding rate (FR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were observed between SP0 group and the replacement groups (SP50, SP75 and SP100). FE and PER of fish-fed SP100 + Lys diet were significantly higher than the fish-fed SP100 diet (p < .05). Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, protein, energy and phosphorus increased significantly with the increasing S. platensis inclusion. Meanwhile, fish from SP100 + P or SP100 + Lys group had higher ADCs of nutrients compared to the SP100 group (p < .05). Compared with SP0 diet, fish-fed S. platensis diets had higher activities of plasma superoxide dismutase, hepatopancreas total antioxidant capacity, plasma alkaline phosphatase and plasma lysozyme, as well as the lower content of plasma malondialdehyde. The present results indicated that dietary fishmeal could be fully replaced by S. platensis without any negative effects on growth performance of gibel carp. Supplementation of lysine in the S. platensis replacement diet could further improve the feed utilization of gibel carp. K E Y W O R D Sdigestibility, gibel carp, growth performance, protein replacement, Spirulina platensis | INTRODUCTIONAs the traditional protein source in aquafeeds, fishmeal gets extensive use for its high contents of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, mineral elements, bioactive substance and low level of anti-nutritional factors (Hardy, 2010). With the development of aquafeeds industry, the demands for fishmeal and fish oil are still rising (FAO, 2012). Although the worldwide fishmeal production has obtained a relatively high and stable level, even some of which are acquired through overfishing, the production still could not match

Effect of spirulinaSpirulina platensisas a complementary ingredient to reduce dietary fish meal on the growth performance, whole‐body composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles, and pigmentation of Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius) juveniles

“…In present research, lipid content in whole body decreased only in fish fed the highest supplementation level of spirulina (8% FMS), unlike other spirulina‐based diets. Findings that are in parallel with other research (Cao et al, ) reporting decreased whole‐body fat content in fish fed spirulina‐rich diets. Spirulina supplementation might be a good method to improve fish fillet quality, and based on our findings, 8% FMS was advantageous in this context.…”

“…In this way, it can be used as a source of protein and a strong immune stimulant in the diet without impairing fish growth (Andrews, Sahu, Pal, Mukherjee, & Kumar, 2011). Improvement in feed digestibility, digestive enzymes, pigmentation, blood chemical and haematological parameters, lipid peroxidation and growth performance; enhancing immune response and stress response; and increasing fillet content of omega-3 fatty acids have been previously reported as benefits of spirulina supplementation (Cao et al, 2018;Gogoi, Mandal, & Patel, 2018;Jafari et al, 2014;Khanzadeh, Fereidouni, & Berenjestanaki, 2016;Lin et al, 2016;Palmegiano et al, 2008;Sarker, Gamble, Kelson, & Kapuscinski, 2016;Tan, Galaz, & Shapawi, 2017;Teimouri, Amirkolaie, & Yeganeh, 2013;Teimouri, Yeganeh, & Amirkolaie, 2016;Velasquez et al, 2016).…”

The effects of different fishmeal level diets with or without phytase supplementation on growth performance, body composition, digestibility, immunological and biochemical parameters of juvenile hybrid sturgeon ( Acipenser baeri Brandt ♀ × A. schrenckii Brandt ♂)

“…In recent years, a significant amount of research has been conducted on the replacement of fishmeal by different plant protein. The suitability of this replacement in terms of growth performance has resulted to be highly variable among fish species and experimental conditions (Bian et al, ; Cao et al, ; Ren et al, ; Sitjà‐Bobadilla et al, ). In the present study, the main growth performances SGR, WGR, FI and FCR were not significantly different in four treatments ( p > .05).…”

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids ( Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

“…This may explain the lack of FI; consequently, a lower growth performance can be observed in the groups fed with the feed supplemented with Spirulina at higher rates. In the studies of (Cao et al, ; James et al, ; Olvera‐Novoa, Domínguez‐Cen, Olivera‐Castillo, & Martinez‐Palacios, ; Tongsiri, Mang‐Amphan, & Peerapornpisal, ; Ungsethaphand, Peerapornpisal Whangchai, & Sardsud, ), Spirulina have been supplemented with 100%, 20%, 8% and 5%, respectively, without having any negative effects on growth. The variations in spirulina effects on fish growth are attributed to varied nutrient content of Spirulina species used in the trials (Kim et al, ).…”

“…Due to its high nutrient and pigment content, Spirulina has been evaluated as a potential feed not only for fish cultured for food but also for ornamental fish. Studies have examined the value of Spirulina in a variety of fish (Cao et al, ; Dernekbaşı, Ünal, Karayücel, & Aral, ; Ezhil & Narayanan, ; Gogoi, Mandal, & Patel, ; Güroy et al, ; Hajiahmadian, Vajargah, Farsani, & Chorehi, ; James et al, ; Karadal, Güroy, & Türkmen, ; Khanzadeh et al, ; Kim, Rahimnejad, Kim, & Lee, ; Teimouri, Amirkolaie, & Yeganeh, ). However, no study has examined the effects of dietary Spirulina levels on the growth and skin coloration in blue dolphin cichlid.…”