Effects of dietary p ‐coumaric acid on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, humoral immunity and immune‐related gene expression in common carp, Cyprinus carpio

Abstract

The efficacy of p‐coumaric acid (CA) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, humoral immunity and immune gene expressions of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was tested in the present study. Fish were fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g/kg CA for 56 days. According to regression analysis, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and weight gain (WG%) were polynomially related to dietary CA levels. The optimum p‐coumaric acid supplementation level, based upon these parameters, was 1.35%–1.44%. Furthermore, dietary CA supplementation at levels of 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg significantly improved the serum immune parameters (total Ig, lysozyme and ACH50). Dietary CA especially at 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg increased the intestinal IL‐8 and TNF‐α, while not affecting the expression of IL‐1β and lysozyme gene. The highest and lowest mortality rates 14 days postchallenge with A. hydrophila were recorded in fish fed control and 1.5 g/kg CA, respectively. In conclusion, the oral administration of CA especially at 1 and 1.5 g/kg inclusion levels has the potential to improve growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune responses of common carp.

Dietary silymarin, Silybum marianum extract ameliorates cadmium chloride toxicity in common carp, Cyprinus carpio

“…Therefore, finding efficient ways to reduce the harmful effects of heavy metals on aquatic organisms would be of great importance. As a natural way, few studies indicate that herbal supplements and their derivatives can mitigate the negative physiological effects of contaminants in fish (Hajirezaee et al, 2019;Rafieepour et al, 2019 a,b;Ahmadifar et al, 2020;Elumalai et al, 2020;Mohammed et al, 2020;Dawood et al, 2020;Khafaga et al, 2020;Zhu, 2020;Ahmadifar et al, 2021). As a medicinal plant, the therapeutic properties of the Milk thistle, Silybum mariamum have been well recognized for many years (Křen and Walterová, 2005).…”

Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract on the Growth Performance, Hematology, Innate Immunity, and Disease Resistance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Streptococcus agalactiae Biotype 2

“…This phenomenon can be ascribed to the presence of bioactive compounds in MLE, namely p -coumaric acid, quercetin, and kaempferol. These compounds have been documented for their ability to enhance the growth of diverse fish species, including common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) [ 46 ], snakehead fish ( Channa argus ) [ 47 ], and grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus ) [ 48 ]. Additionally, the augmented growth of Nile tilapia fed a diet supplemented with M. oleifera may be attributed to the composition of essential vitamins, minerals, and high-quality protein in M. oleifera [ 49 ].…”

“…The enhancement of the serum LYZ and SBA of Nile tilapia fed diets supplemented with MLE may be correlated with bioactive compounds such as p -coumaric acid, quercetin, and kaempferol. These bioactive compounds have demonstrated immunostimulatory properties in common carp [ 46 , 71 ], snakehead fish [ 47 ], and zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) [ 72 ]. Further research is warranted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of MLE on Nile tilapia following bacterial infection.…”

Effects of the Replacement of Dietary Fish Meal with Defatted Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) on Juvenile Large Yellow Croakers (Larimichthys crocea) Growth and Gut Health

“…Fish humoral immunity is an important component of fish immunity, while serum immune parameters can reflect the immune function of fish [ 43 ]. AKP had been proved to have immunomodulatory effects by inhibiting neutrophil production and inflammatory responses [ 44 ].…”