Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Spirulina, Astaxanthin, Canthaxanthin or Paprika on the Skin Pigmentation of Red- and White-colored Fancy Carp Cyprinus carpio var. koi

Abstract

Paprika on the Skin Pigmentation of Red-and Whitecolored Fancy Carp Cyprinus carpio var. koi

Effect of Dietary Carotenoids Sources on Growth and Skin Color of Red- and White-colored Fancy Carp Cyprinus carpio var. koi

“…Spirulina (Gouveia L., 2003;Kim and Lee, 2012a;Sun et al, 2012). Spirulina Spirulina , (Nandeesha et al, 1998) Values (mean ± SE of replication group) in the same column not sharing a common superscript are significantly different (P<0.05).…”

“…carotenoids carotenoids , , , (Torrissen et al, 1989;Storebakken and No, 1992 Lee, 2012a, 2012b). carotenoids astaxanthin, zeaxanthin cantaxanthin (Matsuno et al, 1979;Nandeesha et al, 1998;Rema, 2005, Kim et al, 2008;Kim and Lee, 2012a). , , ,…”

“…L* L* (Kim et al, 2013;Kim and Lee, 2012a;Lee et al, 2010). L* a* , (Kim and Lee, 2012;Lee et al, 2010).…”

“…Spirulina S. maxima, S. platensis, S. pacifica Spirulina , Nandeesha et al, 1998 (Guillaume et al, 2001). total carotenoids , (Gouveia et al, 2003;Kim and Lee, 2008;Kim and Lee, 2012a). , total carotenoids a* , (Lee et al, 2010;Kim et al, 2013) .…”

Scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of canthaxanthin as a feed additive for poultry and for ornamental birds and ornamental fish

“…No differences compared with the negative control were observed in any of the performance parameters considered (weight gain rate 2.11 vs. 2.04 %; specific growth rate 1.14 vs. 1.12 %; feed conversion 1.86 vs. 1.93). In the study by Kim and Lee (2012), fish (initial weight 3.6 g) were fed diets containing canthaxanthin at 0, 50 or 100 mg/kg for eight weeks. No differences in the performance parameters were observed between control and canthaxanthin-supplemented groups (weight gain 173.2, 185.2 and 181.1 %, respectively; specific growth rate 1.86, 1.94 and 1.91 %, respectively; feed to gain ratio (100 ) 54.7, 56.2 and 57.0, respectively).…”