Effects of dietary leucine supplementation in low crude protein diets on performance, nitrogen balance, whole‐body protein turnover, carcass characteristics and meat quality of finishing pigs
Abstract:Eighteen Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire barrows, with an average initial body weight (BW) of 75.4 ± 2.0 kg, were randomly allotted to one of three diets with six replicates per treatment for 25 days. The diets comprised a normal protein diet (NP, 14.5% crude protein), a low crude protein diet supplemented with 0.27% alanine (LP + Ala, 10.0% crude protein), or a low crude protein diet supplemented with 0.40% leucine (LP + Leu, 10.0% crude protein). The whole-body protein synthesis rate, whole-body protein breakdo… Show more
“…1 Linear relationship between the reduced percentage of dietary protein ingredients and CP reduction levels for pigs. The data of regression analysis summarized from 10 published research articles evaluating the effect of LP diet on pig performance [ 1 , 5 , 19 , 38 , 77 , 130 – 134 ] Fig. 2 Linear relationship between the increased percentage of dietary energy ingredients and CP reduction levels for pigs.…”
Recent years have witnessed the great advantages of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) with free amino acids (AA) supplementation for sustainable swine industry, including saving protein ingredients, reducing nitrogen excretion, feed costs and the risk of gut disorders without impairing growth performance compared to traditional diets. However, a tendency toward increased fatness is a matter of concern when pigs are fed low-protein (LP) diets. In response, the use of the net energy system and balanced AA for formulation of LP diets has been proposed as a solution. Moreover, the extent to which dietary CP can be reduced is complicated. Meanwhile, the requirements for the first five limiting AA (lysine, threonine, sulfur-containing AA, tryptophan, and valine) that growing-finishing pigs fed LP diets were higher than pigs fed traditional diets, because the need for nitrogen for endogenous synthesis of non-essential AA to support protein synthesis may be increased when dietary CP is lowered. Overall, to address these concerns and give a better understanding of this nutritional strategy, this paper reviews recent advances in the study of LP diets for swine and provides some insights into future research directions.
“…1 Linear relationship between the reduced percentage of dietary protein ingredients and CP reduction levels for pigs. The data of regression analysis summarized from 10 published research articles evaluating the effect of LP diet on pig performance [ 1 , 5 , 19 , 38 , 77 , 130 – 134 ] Fig. 2 Linear relationship between the increased percentage of dietary energy ingredients and CP reduction levels for pigs.…”
Recent years have witnessed the great advantages of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) with free amino acids (AA) supplementation for sustainable swine industry, including saving protein ingredients, reducing nitrogen excretion, feed costs and the risk of gut disorders without impairing growth performance compared to traditional diets. However, a tendency toward increased fatness is a matter of concern when pigs are fed low-protein (LP) diets. In response, the use of the net energy system and balanced AA for formulation of LP diets has been proposed as a solution. Moreover, the extent to which dietary CP can be reduced is complicated. Meanwhile, the requirements for the first five limiting AA (lysine, threonine, sulfur-containing AA, tryptophan, and valine) that growing-finishing pigs fed LP diets were higher than pigs fed traditional diets, because the need for nitrogen for endogenous synthesis of non-essential AA to support protein synthesis may be increased when dietary CP is lowered. Overall, to address these concerns and give a better understanding of this nutritional strategy, this paper reviews recent advances in the study of LP diets for swine and provides some insights into future research directions.
“…In addition, the combination of leptin and leucine synergistically regulated protein metabolism in skeletal muscle both in vitro and in vivo [51]. In an experiment with finishing pigs, we found that supplementation with leucine (1.25%) could enhance pork texture by enhancing protein deposition and improving meat quality [52]. Similarly, another experiment in finishing pigs reported that leucine addition increased juiciness accompanying the increase in intramuscular fat content occurring with a protein deficient diet [53].…”
It is widely known that branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are not only elementary components for building muscle tissue but also participate in increasing protein synthesis in animals and humans. BCAA (isoleucine, leucine and valine) regulate many key signaling pathways, the most classic of which is the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. This signaling pathway connects many diverse physiological and metabolic roles. Recent years have witnessed many striking developments in determining the novel functions of BCAA including: (1) Insufficient or excessive levels of BCAA in the diet enhances lipolysis. (2) BCAA, especially isoleucine, play a major role in enhancing glucose consumption and utilization by up-regulating intestinal and muscular glucose transporters. (3) Supplementation of leucine in the diet enhances meat quality in finishing pigs. (4) BCAA are beneficial for mammary health, milk quality and embryo growth. (5) BCAA enhance intestinal development, intestinal amino acid transportation and mucin production. (6) BCAA participate in up-regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, abnormally elevated BCAA levels in the blood (decreased BCAA catabolism) are a good biomarker for the early detection of obesity, diabetes and other metabolic diseases. This review will provide some insights into these novel metabolic and physiological functions of BCAA.
“…Mais recentemente, Kampman-van de Hoek et al (2016) utilizaram isótopos estáveis para determinar a utilização de AA e retenção de nitrogênio corporal em animais em crescimento e terminação. Da mesma forma, Zhang et al (2016) utilizaram esta técnica para compreender o turnover proteico corporal em suínos em terminação. Entretanto, até o momento, não se tem o conhecimento do emprego desta técnica para avaliar o metabolismo proteico em diferentes sexos, como já ocorreu com humanos (Tipton & Wolfe, 2001, Borst & Yarrow, 2015.…”
Section: Alternativas Para Explorar a Síntese Proteica Em Suínos Machosunclassified
RESUMO.A síntese proteica muscular em suínos é essencial para promover o ganho de carne marga. Entretanto, é um processo complexo que envolve inúmeras enzimas, proteínas ribossomais e pode ser influenciado por diversos fatores, de ordem ambiental, nutricional e hormonal. Neste sentido, os hormônios sexuais podem exercer ação anabólica na síntese proteica, levando a diferentes taxas de deposição muscular em machos castrados, machos não castrados e fêmeas. Com o intuito de aproveitar o efeito anabólico da testosterona, a imunocastração vem sendo cada vez mais difundida na suinocultura, levando machos imunocastrados a apresentarem desempenho e características de carcaça semelhantes a machos inteiros. De forma geral, o sexo parece desempenhar um importante papel na síntese proteica. Isso confere diferentes exigências de aminoácidos, em machos inteiros, fêmeas e machos castrados, devido às diferenças na deposição de proteína na carcaça.Palavras chave: fêmeas, imunocastração, machos, síntese muscular Protein synthesis in pigs: how gilts, barrows and intact male respond to this process?ABSTRACT. Muscle protein synthesis in pigs can be considered a key factor in promoting lean gain. However, this is a complex process depending on several enzymes, ribosomal proteins and may be affected by environmental factors, besides nutritional and hormonal. In this sense, sexual hormones may have anabolic action in protein synthesis, leading different rates of muscle deposition in barrows, intact males and gilts. Aiming to use the anabolic effect of testosterone, the immunocastration practice is being applied to pig production in many countries, allowing males to show the same growth performance and carcass traits as intact males. In this sense, sex plays an important role on protein synthesis, providing differences in the amino acids requirements, according to its condition (intact males, gilts and barrows) due to differences in carcass protein deposition.Keywords: Gilts, immunocastration, barrows, muscle synthesis Síntesis proteica en porcinos: como las hembras, los machos castrados y los machos enteros responden a este proceso?RESUMEN. La síntesis de proteína muscular en porcinos es esencial para estimular la ganancia de carne magra. Sin embargo es un proceso complejo que involucra una cantidad innumerable de enzimas, proteínas ribosomales y puede ser influenciada por diferentes factores de orden ambiental, nutricional y hormonal. En este sentido, las hormonas sexuales pueden ejercer una acción anabólica en la síntesis de proteínas, conllevando a diferentes
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