Effects of dietary lipids on the fatty acid composition and lipid metabolism of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

González-Durán, Enrique; Castell, John D.; Robinson, Shawn; Blair, Tammy

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.01.010

Cited by 66 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…If these fatty acids are not obtained through the diet, ω9 unsaturated fatty acids, such as 20:3ω9, are synthesized by the animal instead to take the place of polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from the essential fatty acids in biochemical reactions. Thus, the presence of 20:3ω9 in plasma and tissues has long been used as a nutritional status marker not only in humans (Holman 1960, Siguel et al 1987, Jeppesen et al 1998, Le et al 2009) but also in animals such as carp Cyprinus carpio (Farkas et al 1977, Csengeri 1996, mice Mus musculus (Duffin et al 2000), and the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Gonzalez-Duran et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty acids and stable isotopes as indicators of early-life feeding and potential maternal resource dependency in the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas

Belicka¹,

Matich²,

Jaffé³

et al. 2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The degree of reliance of newborn sharks on energy reserves from maternal resource allocation and the timescales over which these animals develop foraging skills are critical factors towards understanding the ecological role of top predators in marine ecosystems. We used muscle tissue stable carbon isotopic composition and fatty acid analysis of bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas to investigate early-life feeding ecology in conjunction with maternal resource dependency. Values of δ 13 C of some young-of-the-year sharks were highly enriched, reflecting inputs from the marinebased diet and foraging locations of their mothers. This group of sharks also contained high levels of the 20:3ω9 fatty acid, which accumulates during periods of essential fatty acid deficiency, suggesting inadequate or undeveloped foraging skills and possible reliance on maternal provisioning. A loss of maternal signal in δ 13C values occurred at a length of approximately 100 cm, with muscle tissue δ 13 C values reflecting a transition from more freshwater/estuarine-based diets to marine-based diets with increasing length. Similarly, fatty acids from sharks >100 cm indicated no signs of essential fatty acid deficiency, implying adequate foraging. By combining stable carbon isotopes and fatty acids, our results provided important constraints on the timing of the loss of maternal isotopic signal and the development of foraging skills in relation to shark size and imply that molecular markers such as fatty acids are useful for the determination of maternal resource dependency. KEY WORDS: Essential fatty acid deficiency · Fatty acids · Food webs · Maternal investment · Stable isotopes · Sharks Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 455: [245][246][247][248][249][250][251][252][253][254][255][256] 2012 man et , Torres-Rojas et al. 2010, to molecular tools including stable isotope and lipid biomarker analysis (MacNeil et al. 2005, Pethybridge et al. 2010, Wai et al. 2011. Although stomach content analysis can provide evidence for specific dietary items, biochemical approaches have the advantage of providing information on assimilated organic substrates and can be especially helpful in complex ecosystems with multiple organic carbon substrates (Dalsgaard et al. 2003, Iverson et al. 2004, Whiles et al. 2010. Bulk δ 13 C has been widely used for food web studies, providing information on the source of organic matter in food webs (Fry et al. 1978, Fry & Sherr 1984, McCutchan et al. 2003. Furthermore, stable isotopic composition of neonatal animals has been demonstrated to reflect maternal diet and foraging location instead of neonatal diet, and this complication must be considered when interpreting isotope values in neonates and juveniles, especially for tissues with slow isotopic turnover times (e.g. muscle tissue in elasmobranchs; MacNeil et al. 2005, Olin et al. 2011. Fatty acid signatures are particularly useful for dietary studies because fatty acids from a prey item are taken up i...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty acids and stable isotopes as indicators of early-life feeding and potential maternal resource dependency in the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas

Belicka¹,

Matich²,

Jaffé³

et al. 2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…We documented relatively high proportions of 20:2 5, 11 NMID in the gonad and gut tissue of S. droebachiensis and S. purpuratus, as high as 8.38 ± 0.83 and 9.68 ± 0.94% (gonad, gut of S. purpuratus fed Pyropia, Supplementary Table 5). González-Durán et al (2008) documented similar proportions of 20:2 5, 11 NMID in urchin gonad (5.9%) and gut (8.61%) while Castell et al (2004) documented much higher synthesis in tissues of S. droebachiensis fed formulated diets, and demonstrated that urchins can synthesize 20:2 5, 11 NMID from either 20:1ω7 or 20:1ω9. González-Durán et al (2008) hypothesized that when there is an EFA deficiency, taxa such as echinoids may utilize NMIDs in place of some EFAs to maintain physiological functions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…However, dietary FAs are often modified by the consumer, either by elongation, desaturation, or de novo synthesis of FAs from precursors present in dietary tissues (Cook et al, 2007;González-Durán et al, 2008;Brett et al, 2016). Our understanding of FA trophic modification by marine invertebrates is still developing, and sea urchins are an interesting case study for this question because they have been studied for the sake of aquaculture (Castell et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our understanding of FA trophic modification by marine invertebrates is still developing, and sea urchins are an interesting case study for this question because they have been studied for the sake of aquaculture (Castell et al, 2004). Additionally, when a certain EFA is limited in food sources, many consumers, including sea urchins, can selectively store the EFAs for later use, and as a result the FAs observed in consumer tissues often do not directly reflect their food sources (Castell et al, 2004;González-Durán et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aquaculture studies have extensively investigated ratios of lipids in urchin diets that maximize the incorporation of essential FAs into gonad production and growth (Castell et al, 2004;Cook et al, 2007) for the sake of improved uni production. In pursuit of ideal FA ratios in diets, researchers have noted that urchins are capable of de novo synthesis of novel FAs, including non-methylene interrupted dienes (NMID; Takagi et al, 1980;Castell et al, 2004;González-Durán et al, 2008). This capability exists in multiple species of urchin including S. droebachiensis and is likely the result of 5 desaturase activity, which is also involved in the synthesis of arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4ω6) from 20:3ω6 and of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ω3) from 22 carbon chain monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs; Takagi et al, 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trophic Transfer of Macroalgal Fatty Acids in Two Urchin Species: Digestion, Egestion, and Tissue Building

et al. 2018

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Sea urchins are ecosystem engineers of nearshore benthic communities because of their influence on the abundance and distribution of macroalgal species. Urchins are notoriously inefficient in assimilation of their macroalgal diets, so their fecal production can provide a nutritional subsidy to benthic consumers that cannot capture and handle large macroalgae. We studied the assimilation of macroalgal diets by urchins by analyzing the profiles of trophic biomarkers such as fatty acids (FAs). We tracked macroalgal diet assimilation in both Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and S. purpuratus. Juvenile S. droebachiensis and adult S. purpuratus were maintained for 180 and 70 days, respectively, on one of three monoculture diets from three algal phyla: Nereocystis luetkeana, Pyropia sp., or Ulva sp. We then analyzed FA profiles of the macroalgal tissue fed to urchins as well as urchin gonad, gut, digesta, and egesta (feces) to directly evaluate trophic modification and compare nutritional quality of urchin food sources, urchin tissues, and fecal subsidies. In the S. purpuratus assay, there were significantly more total lipids in the digesta and egesta than in the algae consumed. The FA profiles of urchin tissues differed among urchin species, all diets, and tissue types. Despite these differences, we observed similar patterns in the relationships between the urchin and macroalgal tissues for both species. Egesta produced by urchins fed each of the three diets were depleted with respect to the concentration of important long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), but did not differ significantly from the source alga consumed. Both urchin species were shown to synthesize and selectively retain both the precursor and resulting LCPUFAs involved in the synthesis of the LCPUFAs 20:4ω6 and 20:5ω3. S. droebachiensis and S. purpuratus exhibited consistent patterns in the respective depletion and retention of precursor FAs and resulting LCPUFAs of Pyropia and Ulva tissues, suggesting species level control of macroalgal digestion or differential tissue processing by gut microbiota. For both S. droebachiensis and S. purpuratus, macroalgal diet was a surprisingly strong driver of urchin tissue fatty acids; this indicates the potential of fatty acids for future quantitative trophic estimates of urchin assimilation of algal phyla in natural settings.

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Comparative morpho‐physiological aspects and transcriptomics of the gonads from wild caught and enhanced green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis)

Sætra

Burgerhout

Johnsen

et al. 2021

Aquaculture Fish & Fisheries

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There is a growing interest in sea urchin roe enhancement around the world, but relatively little is known about the physical differences between enhanced and wild sea urchin roe and the causes of any differences. The main objective of this study was to compare various aspects of roe from wild and enhanced green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) using morphological and histological examinations, as well as analyses of amino and fatty acids, and gene expression profiles. Sea urchins were collected (n = 250) from a wild population and held in raceways where they were fed a commercially available formulated diet for 14 weeks (mid-August -mid-November).At consecutive time-points, samples from the wild and enhanced sea urchins were obtained. The gonad index (GI) increased significantly in the enhanced sea urchins from 6.1% to 29.65% at week 12, while no significant increase was recorded in wild sea urchins. The concentrations of the amino acids' glycine, lysine and leucine were different between the treatments, the first two being higher and the latter lower in the enhanced sea urchin roe. Wild sea urchins had 6% more unidentified fatty acid content than enhanced sea urchins. A significant progress in reproductive stages in wild sea urchins was observed; however, none in the enhanced sea urchins, suggesting gametogenesis is inhibited in captivity, or variations in feed availability. Enhanced sea urchins had relatively less reproductive cells and an overall messier and less uniform appearance mid-trial (weeks 8-10). Scanning electron microscopy images showed less structured and greater number of surface flagella in enhanced sea urchins. Transcriptomic analysis by RNA-sequencing showed a total of 255 differentially expressed genes between the wild and enhanced groups, which had functions largely involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and ethanol degradation.

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Effects of dietary lipids on the fatty acid composition and lipid metabolism of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

Cited by 66 publications

References 34 publications

Fatty acids and stable isotopes as indicators of early-life feeding and potential maternal resource dependency in the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas

Fatty acids and stable isotopes as indicators of early-life feeding and potential maternal resource dependency in the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas

Trophic Transfer of Macroalgal Fatty Acids in Two Urchin Species: Digestion, Egestion, and Tissue Building

Comparative morpho‐physiological aspects and transcriptomics of the gonads from wild caught and enhanced green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis)

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