Effects of dietary protein intake on body composition changes after weight loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Kim, Jung Eun; O’Connor, Lauren; Sands, Laura P.; Slebodnik, Maribeth; Campbell, Wayne W.

doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv065

Cited by 168 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…(2) This finding on protein’s role in maintaining lean mass was supported by another meta-analysis focusing on 24 trials conducted specifically in older adults (>50 yrs). (7) In DiOGenes, at both the 6- and 12-month maintenance follow-ups, weight regain was lower in the high-protein (25% of energy) than in the low-protein (13% of energy) groups, and high-protein groups were more likely to achieve additional weight loss in the follow-up period. (56,57) In a recent re-analysis of DiOGenes investigating plant and animal protein sources, while substituting overall plant for animal protein was not associated with effects on body weight, higher plant protein specifically in the form of non-cereal sources vs. cereal-based sources was favorably associated with body weight changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In addition, higher protein intake is thought to be more beneficial in older individuals, potentially delaying age-related muscle loss and other cardiometabolic abnormalities. (7,14–17) However, there is still conflicting evidence regarding the longer-term effects of high protein intake on other cardiometabolic health parameters related to aging. Some prospective cohort studies have indicated that higher habitual protein intake increases risk of cardiometabolic endpoints, such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome (18–22) , and mortality (14,18,19) , particularly in the context of low carbohydrate intake.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dietary protein and changes in markers of cardiometabolic health across 20 years of follow-up in middle-aged Americans

Hruby

Jacques

2018

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Dietary protein plays a role in counteracting age-related muscle loss. However, limited long-term data exist on protein intake and markers of cardiometabolic health, which tend to deteriorate with age. Design: Prospective cohort study. Food frequency questionnaire-derived protein intake (g/d) and cardiometabolic markers were assessed up to five times across 20 years. Markers included systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP), circulating lipids (total, HDL, LDL cholesterol; triglycerides), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), fasting glucose (FG), weight, and waist circumference (WC). Mixed models accounting for repeated measures were used to estimate adjusted mean annualized changes in outcomes per quartile category of protein. Setting: Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort, USA Subjects: 3,066 participants with 12,333 unique observations, baseline age [mean (SD)]: 54.0 (9.7) y, BMI: 27.4 (4.9) kg/m2, 53.5% female Results: In fully adjusted models, there were favorable associations (mean (SE)) of total protein with annualized changes in SBP (lowest vs. highest intake: 0.34 [0.06] vs. 0.04 [0.06] mmHg, P trend=0.001) and eGFR (−1.03 [0.06] vs. −0.87 [0.05] mL/min/1.73 m2, P trend=0.046), unfavorable associations with changes in FG (0.013 [0.004] vs. 0.028 [0.004] mmol/L, P trend=0.004), and no associations with weight, WC, DBP, or lipids. Animal protein was favorably associated with SBP and unfavorably with FG and WC; plant protein was favorably associated with FG and WC. Conclusions: The present study provides evidence that protein intake may influence changes in cardiometabolic health independent of change in weight in healthy adults and that protein’s role in cardiometabolic health may depend on the protein source.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary protein and changes in markers of cardiometabolic health across 20 years of follow-up in middle-aged Americans

Hruby

Jacques

2018

Public Health Nutr.

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“…Another study reports that using gelatin as a single diet protein results in appetite suppression in adults, which is more significant than using casein 26. A recent review that investigated the effects of dietary protein intake on body composition changes also indicates that consuming high-protein diets contributes to the maintenance of lean mass and the loss of fat mass during weight loss in older adults 27. Our findings indicate that supplementing with collagen hydrolysate, the digested gelatin, attenuates body weight gain and adipocyte enlargement in OVX rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amelioration of estrogen deficiency-induced obesity by collagen hydrolysate

Chiang¹,

Chang²,

Lee³

et al. 2016

Int. J. Med. Sci.

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Objectives: Menopausal transition with declining estrogen levels significantly affects the physiological properties of women and consequently contributes to a series of medical conditions, including obesity. Obesity is a crucial risk factor associated with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and breast cancer. Increasing dietary protein content improves satiety and energy expenditure. Thus, we hypothesize that supplementing with collagen, a common dietary protein, may alleviate menopause-induced obesity.Methods: We used ovariectomized (OVX) rats to mimic a menopausal human. The body weight of OVX rats significantly increased compared with that of sham-operated rats (P<0.05), but uterus weight was decreased. Adipocyte size in perigonadal adipose tissue also increased (P<0.05).Results: By contrast, OVX rats supplemented with aqueous collagen hydrolysate (2.5 mg/mL) exhibited significant attenuation in body weight gain and adipocyte enlargement (P<0.05), but insignificant change in uterus weight. Further investigation indicated that collagen hydrolysate supplementation insignificantly affected the levels of dorsal fat, serum total cholesterol, and serum triacylglycerol. Levels of serum biochemical factors, calcium, phosphorus, and glucose were also insignificantly altered by collagen hydrolysate supplementation.Conclusion: Collagen hydrolysate supplementation reduced body weight gain and adipocyte enlargement in response to ovariectomy but slightly affected blood lipids, calcium, and glucose in both sham-operated and OVX rats. Collagen hydrolysate supplementation is beneficial in ameliorating estrogen deficiency-induced obesity and its associated risk factors.

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“…Participants were recruited between 16 March 2017 and 12 April 2017 via the Nijmegen Exercise Study database (Study‐ID: NL36743.091.11) and social media. Interested men and women of at least 65 years old were included if they (i) had a habitual protein intake ≤1.0 g/kg/day based on a 123 item online food frequency questionnaire calculated using the Dutch Food composition database of 2010, (ii) were registered and in training for the 2017 Nijmegen Four Days Marches [an annual 4 day walking event (30, 40, or 50 km/day) in the Netherlands; https://www.4daagse.nl/en], and (iii) were able to understand and perform the study procedures. Exclusion criteria for participation in the study were type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (non‐fasted state >11 mmol/L), allergic or sensitive for milk proteins or lactose intolerant, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), cancer, renal insufficiency [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m −1 ], intestinal diseases that may influence the uptake of protein, use of statins, and involved in a heavy resistance type exercise programme.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein supplementation improves lean body mass in physically active older adults: a randomized placebo‐controlled trial

Haaf

Eijsvogels

Bongers

et al. 2019

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

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Background An inadequate protein intake may offset the muscle protein synthetic response after physical activity, reducing the possible benefits of an active lifestyle for muscle mass. We examined the effects of 12 weeks of daily protein supplementation on lean body mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in physically active older adults with a low habitual protein intake (<1.0 g/kg/day). Methods A randomized double‐blinded controlled trial was performed among 116 physically active older adults [age 69 (interquartile range: 67–73) years, 82% male] who were training for a 4 day walking event of 30, 40, or 50 km/day. Participants were randomly allocated to either 31 g of milk protein or iso‐caloric placebo supplementation for 12 weeks. Body composition (dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry), strength (isometric leg extension and grip strength), quadriceps contractile function, and physical performance [Short Physical Performance Battery, Timed Up‐and‐Go test, and cardiorespiratory fitness (Åstrand–Rhyming submaximal exercise test)] were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks. We assessed vitamin D status and markers of muscle damage and renal function in blood and urine samples before and after intervention. Results A larger increase in relative lean body mass was observed in the protein vs. placebo group (∆0.93 ± 1.22% vs. ∆0.44 ± 1.40%, P Interaction = 0.046). Absolute and relative fat mass decreased more in the protein group than in the placebo group (∆−0.90 ± 1.22 kg vs. ∆−0.31 ± 1.28 kg, P Interaction = 0.013 and ∆−0.92 ± 1.19% vs. ∆−0.39 ± 1.36%, P Interaction = 0.029, respectively). Strength and contractile function did not change in both groups. Gait speed, chair‐rise ability, Timed Up‐and‐Go, and cardiorespiratory fitness improved in both groups ( P < 0.001), but no between‐group differences were observed. Serum urea increased in the protein group, whereas no changes were observed in the placebo group ( P Interaction < 0.001). No between‐group differences were observed for vitamin D status, muscle damage, and renal function markers. Conclusions In physically active older adults with relatively low habitual dietary protein consumption, an improvement in physical performance, an increase in lean body mass, and a decrease in fat mass were observed after walking exercise training. A larger increase in relative lean body mass and larger reduction in fat mass were observed in participants receiving 12 weeks of daily protein supplementation compared with controls, whereas this was not accompanied by differences in improvements between groups in muscle strength and physical performance.

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Effects of dietary protein intake on body composition changes after weight loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 168 publications

References 66 publications

Dietary protein and changes in markers of cardiometabolic health across 20 years of follow-up in middle-aged Americans

Dietary protein and changes in markers of cardiometabolic health across 20 years of follow-up in middle-aged Americans

Amelioration of estrogen deficiency-induced obesity by collagen hydrolysate

Protein supplementation improves lean body mass in physically active older adults: a randomized placebo‐controlled trial

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