Effects of Dietary Sodium Bicarbonate and Calcium Chloride on Physiological Responses of Lactating Dairy Cows in Hot Weather

Escobosa, Adrian; Coppock, C.E.; Rowe, Loyd D.; Jenkins, William Leroy; Gates, Charles E.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(84)81341-7

Cited by 74 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…When cattle are heat stressed, excessive panting increases plasma pH and bicarbonate, reduces blood buffering capacity, and increases urinary excretion of sodium and bicarbonate ion (Sparke et al 2001). The K and KNa diets had elevated DCAD levels, which may be more important for maintaining blood pH than individual elements (Escobosa et al 1984;Wildman et al 2007;Ross et al 1994a, b). Reduced DCAD may induce mild metabolic acidosis (Vagnoni and Oetzel 1998), which may result in more severe acidosis when feedlot cattle are exposed to an increased heat load.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Tympanic temperature in confined beef cattle exposed to excessive heat load

et al. 2009

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Angus crossbred yearling steers (n = 168) were used to evaluate effects on performance and tympanic temperature (TT) of feeding additional potassium and sodium to steers exposed to excessive heat load (maximum daily ambient temperature exceeded 32°C for three consecutive days) during seasonal summer conditions. Steers were assigned one of four treatments: (1) control; (2) potassium supplemented (diet containing 2.10% KHCO₃); (3) sodium supplemented (diet containing 1.10% NaCl); or (4) potassium and sodium supplemented (diet containing 2.10% KHCO₃ and 1.10% NaCl). Overall, additional KHCO₃ at the 2% level or NaCl at the 1% level did not improve performance or heat stress tolerance with these diet formulations. However, the addition of KHCO₃ did enhance water intake. Independent of treatment effects, TT of cattle displaying high, moderate, or low levels of stress suggest that cattle that do not adequately cool down at night are prone to achieving greater body temperatures during a subsequent hot day. Cattle that are prone to get hot but can cool at night can keep average tympanic temperatures at or near those of cattle that tend to consistently maintain lower peak and mean body temperatures. In addition, during cooler and moderately hot periods, cattle change TT in a stair-step or incremental pattern, while under hot conditions, average TT of group-fed cattle moves in conjunction with ambient conditions, indicating that thermoregulatory mechanisms are at or near maximum physiological capacity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Tympanic temperature in confined beef cattle exposed to excessive heat load

et al. 2009

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“…Excessive panting increases plasma pH and bicarbonate, reduces blood buffering capacity, and increases urinary excretion of sodium and bicarbonate ion (Sparke et al, 2001). The dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) may be more important than the content of the individual elements (Escobosa et al, 1984). Reduced DCAD may induce mild metabolic acidosis (Vagnoni and Oetzel, 1998), and this may act as a trigger for more severe acidosis when feedlot cattle are exposed to an increased heat load.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of sodium chloride and fat supplementation on finishing steers exposed to hot and cold conditions

Gaughan

Mader

2009

Journal of Animal Science

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Three studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental fat and salt (sodium chloride) on DMI, daily water intake (DWI), body temperature, and respiration rate (RR) in Bos taurus beef cattle. In Exp. 1 and 2, whole soybeans (SB) were used as the supplemental fat source. In Exp. 3, palm kernel meal and tallow were used. Experiment 1 (winter) and Exp. 2 (summer) were undertaken in an outside feedlot. Experiment 3 was conducted in a climate-controlled facility (mean ambient temperature = 29.9°C). In Exp. 1, three diets, 1) control; 2) salt (control + 1% sodium chloride); and 3) salt-SB (control + 5% SB + 1% sodium chloride), were fed to 144 cattle (BW = 327.7 kg), using a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. In Exp. 2, 168 steers (BW = 334.1 kg) were used. In Exp. 2, the same dietary treatments were used as in Exp. 1, and a 5% SB dietary treatment was included in an incomplete 3 × 4 Latin square design. In Exp. 3, three diets, 1) control; 2) salt (control + 0.92% NaCl); and 3) salt-fat (control + 3.2% added fat + 0.92% NaCl) were fed to 12 steers (BW = 602 kg) in a replicated Latin square design. In Exp. 1, cattle fed the salt-SB diet had elevated (P < 0.05) tympanic temperature (TT; 38.83°C) compared with cattle fed the control (38.56°C) or salt (38.50°C) diet. In Exp. 2, cattle fed the salt and salt-SB diets had less (P < 0.05) DMI and greater (P < 0.05) DWI than cattle in the control and SB treatments. Cattle fed the salt-SB diet had the greatest (P < 0.05) TT (38.89°C). Those fed only the salt diet or only the SB diet had the least (P < 0.05) TT, at 38.72 and 38.78°C, respectively. Under hot conditions (Exp. 3), DMI of steers fed the salt and salt-fat diets declined by approximately 40% compared with only 24% for the control cattle. During hot conditions, DWI was greatest (P < 0.05) for steers on the salt-fat diet. These steers also had the greatest (P < 0.05) mean rectal temperature (40.03 ± 0.1°C) and RR (112.7 ± 1.7 breaths/min). The RR of steers on the control diet was the least (P < 0.05; 98.3 ± 1.7 breaths/min). Although added salt plus fat decreased DMI under hot conditions, these data suggest that switching to diets containing the combination of added salt and fat can elevate body temperature, which would be a detriment in the summer but a benefit to the animal during winter. Nevertheless, adding salt plus fat to diets resulted in increased DWI under hot conditions. Diet ingredients or the combination of ingredients that can be used to regulate DMI may be useful to limit large increases in DMI during adverse weather events.

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“…These results agreed with those of Rogers et al (1982) which indicated that Na and K exert alkalogenic effects and Cl an acidogenic effect on the acid-base balance (Cohen et al, 1972). Escobosa et al (1984) fed dairy cows a diet containing 1.67% Cl during moderate heat stress and recorded lowered blood pH and urine pH compared with a control diet (34% Cl). Such results were consistent with Schneider et al (1988) who also measured higher concentrations of K in the rumen, but Na concentrations were not increased by a diet high in minerals.…”

Section: Mineral Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%