Effects of dietary sodium chloride intake on renal function and blood pressure in cats with normal and reduced renal function

Buranakarl, Chollada; Mathur, Sheerin; Brown, Scott A.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.620

Cited by 76 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Assessment of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) could be useful to assist in clarifying this, but still would not exclude the possibility of hyperfiltration occurring in a decreased number of nephrons. Changes in sodium intake can influence volume status and BP, although evidence to support this in cats is limited 38, 39. In this study, the majority of cats were eating commercially produced diets, although the brands varied widely.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Similar to hypertensive black patients, cats demonstrate a limited antihypertensive response to ACEi therapy, but respond well to calcium channel blockade 7, 12. However, studies that have investigated the effect of sodium intake on SBP and renal function in cats have not reported an association 36, 37, 38, 39. Additional work is warranted to evaluate salt sensitivity in naturally occurring hypertension in cats and the role of angiotensinogen in cats with variable BP and renal function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasma Renin Activity and Aldosterone Concentrations in Hypertensive Cats with and without Azotemia and in Response to Treatment with Amlodipine Besylate

Jepson

Syme

Elliott

2013

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundRole of renin‐angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) in feline systemic hypertension is poorly understood.ObjectivesExamine plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC) in normotensive and hypertensive cats with variable renal function and in response to antihypertensive therapy.AnimalsOne hundred and ninety‐six cats >9 years from first opinion practice.Methods PRA, PAC, and aldosterone‐to‐renin ratio (ARR) were evaluated in cats recruited prospectively and grouped according to systolic blood pressure (SBP) and renal function (nonazotemic normotensive [Non‐Azo‐NT], nonazotemic hypertensive [Non‐Azo‐HT], azotemic normotensive [Azo‐NT], azotemic hypertensive [Azo‐HT]). Changes in PRA and PAC were evaluated with antihypertensive therapy (amlodipine besylate).ResultsPlasma renin activity (ng/mL/h; P = .0013), PAC (pg/mL; P < .001), and ARR (P = 0.0062) differed significantly among groups. PRA (ng/mL/h) was significantly lower in hypertensive (Non‐Azo‐HT; n = 25, median 0.22 [25th percentile 0.09, 75th percentile 0.39], Azo‐HT; n = 44, 0.33 [0.15, 0.48]) compared with Non‐Azo‐NT cats (n = 57, 0.52 [0.28, 1.02]). Azo‐HT cats had significantly higher PAC (n = 22, 149.8 [103.1, 228.7]) than normotensive cats (Non‐Azo‐NT; n = 26, 45.4 [19.6, 65.0], Azo‐NT; n = 18, 84.1 [38.6, 137.8]). ARR was significantly higher in Azo‐HT (n = 20, 503.8 [298.8, 1511]) than Azo‐NT cats (n = 16, 97.8 [77.0, 496.4]). Significant increase in PRA was documented with antihypertensive therapy (pretreatment [n = 20] 0.32 [0.15–0.46], posttreatment 0.54 [0.28, 1.51]), but PAC did not change.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceHypertensive cats demonstrate significantly increased PAC with decreased PRA. PRA significantly increases with antihypertensive therapy. Additional work is required to determine the role of plasma aldosterone concentration in the pathogenesis of hypertension and whether this relates to autonomous production or activation of RAAS without demonstrable increase in PRA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Renin Activity and Aldosterone Concentrations in Hypertensive Cats with and without Azotemia and in Response to Treatment with Amlodipine Besylate

Jepson

Syme

Elliott

2013

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…This has been described by others as a first line of defense against sodium-induced extracellular volume expansion. 33,34 After L-NAME treatment, this adaptive response to a salt load was lost in WT, but not in the ACE 10/10 mice. The lack of increase in GFR after high salt is likely the consequence of the vasoconstrictive effects of Ang II on pre-glomerular and post-glomerular vasculature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Salt Sensitivity in Response to Renal Injury Requires Renal Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme

et al. 2015

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Recent evidence indicates that salt-sensitive hypertension can result from a subclinical injury that impairs the kidneys’ capacity to properly respond to a high salt diet. However, how this occurs is not well understood. Here, we showed that while previously salt resistant wild-type mice became salt-sensitive after the induction of renal injury with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME); mice lacking renal angiotensin-converting enzyme, exposed to the same insult, did not become hypertensive when faced with a sodium load. This is because the activity of renal angiotensin-converting enzyme plays a critical role in: 1) augmenting the local pool of angiotensin II and, 2) the establishment of the anti-natriuretic state via modulation of glomerular filtration rate and sodium tubular transport. Thus, this study demonstrates that the presence of renal angiotensin-converting enzyme plays a pivotal role in the development of salt sensitivity in response to renal injury.

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“…This helps avoid excess systemic acidification or low sodium diets which can contribute to progressive potassium loss and lead to a hypokalemic nephropathy. 32 ✜ A cat that is overweight or underweight has a problem that must be managed as a disease (see boxes). Monitor both increased and decreased weight, comparing serial body weights and evaluating the BCS.…”

Section: Nutrition and Weight Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

American Association of Feline Practitioners: Senior Care Guidelines

Pittari¹,

Rodan²,

Beekman³

et al. 2009

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Background Cats are the most popular pet in the United States and much of Northern Europe. Although 78% of owners consider their cats to be family members, many cats, particularly seniors, do not receive appropriate preventive care. 1 – 3 One of the main obstacles to owner compliance is the lack of a clear recommendation by the veterinary team. 4 Guidelines can help veterinarians to minimize this obstacle, strengthen the human-pet-veterinary bond, and improve the quality of life of cats. Goals The goals of this article are to assist veterinarians to: Deliver consistent high-quality care to senior cats. Promote longevity and improve the quality of life of senior cats by: recognizing and controlling health risk factors; facilitating and promoting early detection of disease; improving or maintaining residual organ function; and delaying the progression of common conditions. Define aspects of screening, diagnosis, treatment and anesthesia of senior cats.

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Effects of dietary sodium chloride intake on renal function and blood pressure in cats with normal and reduced renal function

Cited by 76 publications

References 36 publications

Plasma Renin Activity and Aldosterone Concentrations in Hypertensive Cats with and without Azotemia and in Response to Treatment with Amlodipine Besylate

Plasma Renin Activity and Aldosterone Concentrations in Hypertensive Cats with and without Azotemia and in Response to Treatment with Amlodipine Besylate

Salt Sensitivity in Response to Renal Injury Requires Renal Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme

American Association of Feline Practitioners: Senior Care Guidelines

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