Effects of dietary supplementation of citrus by‐products fermented with a probiotic microbe on growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance against Edwardsiella tarda in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel)

Abstract

Two consecutive studies were conducted to evaluate the dietary supplementation of citrus by-products (CB) fermented with probiotic bacteria on growth performance, feed utilization, innate immune responses and disease resistance of juvenile olive flounder. In Experiment I, five diets were formulated to contain 0% (control) or 3% four different CB fermented with Bacillus subtilis (BS), Enterococcus faecium (EF), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) and L. plantarum (LP) (designated as CON, CBF-BS, CBF-EF, CBF-LR and CBF-LP, respectively). During 10 weeks of a feeding trial, growth performance and feed efficiency were not significantly different among all the fish groups. However, fish fed CBF containing diets had significantly higher survivals than the CON group. Disease resistance of fish against Edwardsiella tarda was increased by the fermentation of CB. In Experiment II, we chose the BS as a promising probiotic and formulated five diets to contain 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% CBF-BS. Growth performance was not significantly affected by the CBF-BS supplementation during 6 weeks of a feeding trial. Innate immunity of fish was significantly enhanced by CBF-BS supplementation. Myeloperoxidase and lysozyme activities were increased in a dose-dependent manner by dietary CBF-BS inclusions. In a consecutive challenge test against E. tarda, an increased disease resistance was found by CBF-BS supplementation. These studies indicate that the fermentation process of CB with probiotic has beneficial effects on innate immunity and thereby increases disease resistance of olive flounder against E. tarda. Bacillus subtilis can be used as a promising probiotic microbe for by-product fermentation in fish feeds.

Substitution effect of Undaria pinnatifida with citrus ( Citrus unshiu , Marcovitch) peel by‐product in feed on the growth, body composition and air exposure stressor of juvenile abalone ( Haliotis discus , Reeve 1846)

“…The chemical composition of the soft body of abalone was not affected by the experimental diets in this study. Previously, Lee et al () also showed that the chemical composition of olive flounder was not affected by the dietary supplementation of citrus by‐products fermented with four different bacteria ( Bacillus subtilis , Enterococcus faecium , Lactobacillus rhamnosus and L . plantarumno ) in the 10‐week feeding trial.…”

“…peels are rich in numerous biologically active compounds, such as vitamin C, phenolic acids, pectin and flavonoids (Bocco, Cuvelier, Richard, & Berset, ; Manthey & Grohmann, ; Rafiq et al, ) having potential anti‐allergenic, anti‐atherogenic, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antithrombotic, cardioprotective and vasodilatory effects (Benavente‐García, Castillo, Marin, Ortuño, & Del Rio, ; Middleton, Kandaswami, & Theoharides, ). Several studies on dietary inclusion effects of citrus meal and citrus by‐products fermented on olive flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus , Temminck & Schlegel) (Lee et al, ; Seo, Kim, Son, & Lee, ) and red sea bream ( Pagrus major Temminck & Schlegel) (Song, Park, Lee, & Lee, ), citrus ( Citrus unshiu Marcovitch) pomace on abalone ( Haliotis discus discus , Reeve) (Jwa & Yeo, ), C. aurantium Linnaeus oil on silver catfish ( Rhamdia quelen Quoy and Gaimard) (Lopes et al, ) and essential oils extracted from bitter lemon ( C. limon Osbeck) peels on fish ( Labeo victorianus Boulenger) (Ngugi, Oyoo‐Okoth, & Muchiri, ) have been reported. Therefore, CPB seems to have high potential as an alternative source for MA in abalone feed as well.…”

Supplemental effects of biofloc powder on growth performance, innate immunity, and disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

“…Thus, there is a need to control the disease outbreaks in this sector. A concept of a functional feed is an emerging paradigm in aquaculture industry to develop nutritionally balanced diets with functions to control the diseases and culture water system by feed additives (Li and Gatlin 2004;Lee et al, 2013;Wongsasak et al, 2015).…”

Enterococcus faecium; a Suitable Probiotic Candidate for Modulation of Immune Responses Against Pathogens

“…Their results demonstrated that probiotic treatment led to increased myeloperoxidase and lysozyme activities in a dose-dependent manner. 16 Another study on fish using rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, as a model revealed that E. faecium enhanced leukocytes superoxide anion production and serum complement activities through the alternative pathway. 17 The study also showed that expression levels of interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) were increased significantly in the spleen and the kidney.…”