Effects of different chromium sources on growth performance, serum biochemical, hepatopancreas glycometabolism enzymes activities, IR, GLUT2 and SGLT1 gene expression of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio )

Abstract

A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different chromium sources on the common carp. Four diets (32.2% crude protein and 6% lipids of dry matter) were formulated to add chromium oxide (Cr2O3), chromium picolinate (CrPic) and chromium methionine (CrMet) with 2 mg/kg Cr3+, respectively, and one basal diet. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 60 juvenile common carp (approximately 40.95 ± 4.80 g). The results indicated that fish fed CrMet diets had significantly higher weight gain, specific growth rate and feed efficiency than other groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences in the whole body compositions except the lipid content significantly increased in CrMet diets (p < 0.05). Fish that were fed chromium diets had significantly higher lactic dehydrogenase and creatine kinase in serum, succinic acid dehydrogenase and lactic acid in muscle, pyruvate kinase and glycogen synthase in hepatopancreas, lower glucose concentration and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities in hepatopancreas than those given the basal diet (p < 0.05). Insulin receptor (IR) in serum, IR gene expression in hepatopancreas and sodium‐dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) in intestinal was increased (p < 0.05), while the cortisol decreased significantly in the dietary of CrMet or CrPic (p < 0.05). CrMet supplementation also increased HK activities, up‐regulated glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in hepatopancreas (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary addition of CrMet improved growth performance, adjusted glycometabolism enzyme activities, IR, GLUT2 and SGLT1 gene expression and had a significant impact on the carbohydrate utilization of juvenile common carp fed high corn diets compared with CrPic and Cr2O3.

Dietary Supplementation with Chromium DL-Methionine Enhances Growth Performance of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

“…Results suggest that supplementation with organic CrMet is beneficial for the nutritious value of commercially based diets for African catfish. This positive effect is in accordance with Cui et al [ 18 ], who demonstrated that dietary CrMet supplementation is superior in comparison with inorganic Cr and Cr picolinate in common carp due to increased absorption efficiency. Dietary CrMet supplementation also improved the growth performance of common carp in earlier research [ 8 ] and of different crustacean species [ 29 , 30 ].…”

“…According to Pechova and Pavlata [3], the absorption efficiency of inorganic Cr +3 is inversely proportional to the dietary level. A similar trend was also observed in the present study with organic Cr supplementation, somewhat contradicting observations from Cui et al [18]. However, the analyzed content of Cr in diets differed from the expected values from organic supplementation (Tables 3 and 4), which was most likely caused by contamination with inorganic Cr during feed production.…”

“…Secondly, dietary chromium supplementation has been demonstrated to support the immune response [ 13 ] and reduce the stress level of fish [ 8 , 12 ]. Lastly, diets with chromium addition can improve the energy metabolism of fish by activating various digestive enzymes and enhancing the activity of insulin [ 2 , 3 , 8 , 10 , 18 ].…”

“…According to the results of the current study, dietary organic chromium supplementation appears to have a minor positive effect on both feed conversion and feed intake, which in turn resulted in a significantly improved growth rate of catfish. Multiple earlier studies demonstrated a positive effect on growth rates of various species of fish including hybrid tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus L., 1758 x Oreochromis aureus S., 1864; [ 14 ]; form of chromium supplemented: CrCl 3 6H 2 O, Na 2 CrO 4 4H 2 O, and Cr 2 O 3 ), Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ; [ 11 ]; Cr picolinate, 0.6-1.8 mg kg −1 ), grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella V., 1844; [ 23 ]; Cr picolinate, 0.2-3.2 mg kg −1 ), common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L., 1758; [ 8 , 18 ]; Cr methionine, 0.31-3.64 mg kg −1 ; Cr oxide, Cr picolinate, and Cr methionine, 2 mg kg −1 ), mirror carp ( Cyprinus carpio ; [ 5 ] ; Cr chloride, Cr picolinate, and Cr yeast, 0.5-2 mg kg −1 ), large yellow croaker ( Larimichthys crocea R., 1846; [ 15 ]; Cr polynicotinate, 5-80 mg kg −1 ), blunt snout bream ( Megalobrama amblycephala Y., 1955; [ 24 ]; Cr picolinate, 0.2-12 mg kg −1 ), snakehead ( Channa argus C., 1842; [ 10 ]; Cr yeast, 200 mg kg −1 ), and striped catfish ( Pangasianodon hypophthalmus S., 1878; [ 6 ]; Cr, 2-8 mg kg −1 ). However, other studies could not show any response from different species of fish to dietary Cr supplementation ([ 25 ]; Cr picolinate, 0.8-1.2 mg kg −1 ; [ 26 ]; Cr yeast, 0.8 mg kg −1 ; [ 27 ]; Cr picolinate, 2 mg kg −1 ; [ 28 ]; Cr picolinate, 1.6 mg kg −1 ).…”

“…Generally, organic chromium sources are more bioavailable in comparison with inorganic chromium [ 3 ] and were therefore preferentially included in aqua feeds. Among different organic sources of chromium, dietary chromium methionine (CrMet) supplementation was recently demonstrated to be nontoxic for fish even at high doses (2 mg kg −1 ) and to result in improved growth rate and feed efficiency in comparison with chromium oxide and chromium picolinate [ 18 ].…”