Effects of different oligosaccharides at various dosages on the composition of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in mice with constipation

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of three different kinds of oligosaccharides (a fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) formulation consisting of 95% FOS (FOS95); a galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) formulation consisting of 90% GOS (GOS90) and an isomalto-oligosaccharide (IMO) formulation consisting of 90% IMO (IMO90)) at dosages of 0.8, 4 g per d per kg bw and 8 g per d per kg bw on the composition and activity of the microbiota in the gut of mice with constipation induced by loperamide. Oligosaccharides were intragastrically administered to specific pathogen-free BALB/c mice once per day for 17 days. Feces were collected during a feeding trial and subjected to 16S rDNA amplicon analysis. Constipation indices, changes in gut microbiota and metabolic activity were measured to evaluate the effects of the oligosaccharides. The results show that oligosaccharides treated constipation by increasing both the water content of the feces and the small intestinal transit rate. The dosage required to treat constipation was different for different oligosaccharides. High-dose GOS90 was the most effective in relieving constipation, followed by medium-dose FOS95 and IMO90. The fecal samples were investigated after the oligosaccharide treatment. All three oligosaccharides increased the ratio of acetic acid and decreased the ratio of propionic and butyric acids in the feces. The increase in the ratio of acetic acid and the concentration of butyric acid were found to have relatively larger effects on constipation. After treatment with oligosaccharides, the gut microbiotas of the mice were dominated by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. At the genus level, oligosaccharide treatment increased the levels of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and decreased the levels of Odoribacter, Alistipes and Bacteroides. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that oligosaccharides administered as a dietary supplement increase the water content of feces, reduce intestinal transit time, modulate the composition of the gut microbiota and increase the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the feces of mice with constipation.

Gut Microbiota Alterations from Three-Strain Yogurt Formulation Treatments in Slow-Transit Constipation

“…Moreover, in another study, after treating constipated mice with three different types of oligosaccharides, the results showed that all three oligosaccharides increased the proportion of acetic acid and decreased those of propionic and butyric acid in the feces. e increase in the proportion of acetic acid and the decreased concentration of butyric acid in feces should alleviate the symptoms of symptoms constipation [19]. However, the effect of SCFAs on colonic contractility, motility, and transit time remains unclear [20].…”

Modulation of gut microbiota by spent coffee grounds attenuates diet‐induced metabolic syndrome in rats

“…55 Treatment with prebiotics improved the water content of feces, decreased intestinal transit time, enhanced the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the feces of mice and altered the composition of the gut microbiota. 56 Further, prebiotics have been linked with reduction in body weight, hypertension and inflammation, and improvements in glucose metabolism and dyslipidaemia. 54 The chemical structure of coffee melanoidins remains largely unknown due to the marked complexity and diversity of structures and the consequent difficulty in the isolation of pure melanoidin fractions.…”

Efeitos da suplementação de frutooligossacarídeos em parâmetros metabólicos em camundongos C57BL alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica

“…Não há consenso sobre o tamanho e a composição de uma microbiota intestinal saudável, entretanto, sugere-se que uma contagem inferior a 480.000 genes bacterianos esteja relacionada à maior massa corporal de gordura, à resistência à insulina, à dislipidemia e à inflamação sistêmica (LE CHATELIER et al, 2013;TURNBAUGH et al, 2009;COTILLARD et al, 2013 LIU et al, 2016;CHEN et al, 2017). Estudos experimentais utilizam doses de frutanos variadas, que podem ser ofertadas na composição da dieta (5 a 25%) ou por gavagem (0,8 a 8 g/kg de peso do animal) associadas com diferentes teores lipídicos da ingestão calórica, sendo que os períodos experimentais vão de semanas a meses (RESPONDEK et al, 2013;LIU et al, 2016;WANG et al, 2017;CHEN et al, 2017;WEITKUNAT et al, 2017;MATSUMOTO et al, 2017;DREW et al, 2018;MAO et al, 2018). A maioria dos estudos utiliza doses que variam de 5 a 10% de frutanos, que são ofertadas em períodos curtos de tempo, cuja duração fica entre 3 e 8 semanas de experimento (RESPONDEK et al, 2013;LIU et al, 2016;MATSUMOTO et al, 2017;DREW et al, 2018…”

“…). Dois estudos compararam doses de FOS consideradas altas e baixas, tendo encontrado mais benefícios com a suplementação das doses mais altas do prebiótico; entretanto, ambos foram experimentos de curto prazo (duas e quatro semanas)(MAO et al, 2018;WANG et al, 2017). Apesar de o estudode Mao et al (2018) verificar mais benefícios com a oferta de 25% de FOS, essa quantidade não seria tolerada se reproduzida em humanos, visto que a dose utilizada em estudos clínicos varia de 5 a 8 g/dia, sendo que 16 g é o limite de tolerância(HESS et al, 2011).…”

“…A motilidade colônica induzida pelos AGCC parece depender de um sistema intacto de relógio circadiano para manter a ritmicidade nas concentrações fecais de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e seus efeitos funcionais(SEGERS et al, 2018). Apesar de a GPR43 ser importante mediadora entre hospedeiro e microbiota intestinal, estudo in vitro concluiu que os AGCC modulam a motilidade intestinal de forma que pode ser independente dessa classe de receptores(DASS et al, 2007).Em modelos animais experimentais de constipação, verificou-se que a suplementação com frutooligossacarídeos melhorou o tempo de trânsito intestinal, aumentou a proporção de acetato nas fezes, mas reduziu a de propionato e a de butirato, tendo estimulado o crescimento de Lacobacillus e Bifidobacterium, e diminuído o de Odoribacter, Alistipes e Bacteroides(WANG et al, 2017). Outro estudo observou aumento significativo da somatória de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta nas fezes dos animais que receberam altas doses de FOS, mas não encontrou diferença estatística na análise individual dos AGCC, além disso, as altas doses de FOS estimularam o crescimento dos gêneros Bifidobacterium, Coprococcus e Blautia, enquanto baixas doses desse prebiótico aumentaram apenas a população de Bifidobacterium…”