“…The concept of perceived self-efficacy is highly related to cognitive motivation (Bandura, 1989;Hsia, Huang, & Hwang, 2016), digital or ICT literacy (Prior, Mazanov, Meacheam, Heaslip, & Hanson, 2016;Rohatgi, Scherer, & Hatlevik, 2016), creativity (Chang, Wang, & Lee, 2016), and critical thinking (Gloudemans, Schalk, & Reynaert, 2013). In the series of his work, Bandura (1989) proposed four essential antecedents to promote self-efficacy, which are enactive mastery, vicarious modeling, verbal persuasion, and sense of arousal (Bandura, 1982(Bandura, , 1989(Bandura, , 1986.…”