Effects of different pulp-capping materials on cell death signaling pathways of lipoteichoic acid-stimulated human dental pulp stem cells

<strong>The MIC and MBC of calcium hydroxide medicament against bacteria that cause chronic periapical abscess in the vulnerable initial 7-days of endodontic treatment</strong>

“…8 Furthermore, calcium hydroxide material requires a solvent in the form of aquadest because of its high solubility and easy application of calcium hydroxide medicament to pass and spread well into the tubules and root canals. 10,15 The results showed that E. faecalis was more sensitive to calcium hydroxide compared to other bacteria based on the MIC value and the visual overview from the MBC results; this might be because, in this study, the method was in vitro where calcium hydroxide was in direct contact with bacteria on a 96-well microplate and bacteriological agar without any obstacle like in the real tooth such as microporosity in the dentin.…”

“…This type of study was chosen because both sample and control were controlled, measured, and the influence of the control can be trusted. 15 The sample used in this study was four samples for each bacteria using intracanal medicament of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ) with various concentrations, namely 192.000, 96.000, 48.000, 24.000, 12.000, 6.000, 3.000, 1.500, 750, 375, 187, 94 μg/mL with twice repetitions based on the Federer formula and incubated for seven days in 37°C. The controlled variables used in this study were sterile aquadest as solvents of calcium hydroxide.…”

“…Gram-positive bacteria such as E. faecalis, S. mutans, S. sanguinis, and gram-negative bacteria such as P. gingivalis can cause virulence factors by forming biofilms, which produce lipoteichoic acid as a toxic enzyme which form an attachment to the bacteria that caused resistance effects to disinfectants, antibiotics, and immune responses. 15 Calcium hydroxide can inhibit biofilms by damaging or modifying the structure of lipoteichoic acid through the deacylation process of its lipid components by releasing hydroxyl ions to produce an alkaline to make the acid environment so calcium hydroxide cannot stimulate the production of alpha tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α). 9,10,15 Calcium hydroxide paste (UltraCal XS™) release a high amount of calcium and hydroxyl ions with special antimicrobial effects (UltraCal XS™) contains propylene glycol, which facilitates the solution to penetrate through the root canal.…”

“…15 Calcium hydroxide can inhibit biofilms by damaging or modifying the structure of lipoteichoic acid through the deacylation process of its lipid components by releasing hydroxyl ions to produce an alkaline to make the acid environment so calcium hydroxide cannot stimulate the production of alpha tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α). 9,10,15 Calcium hydroxide paste (UltraCal XS™) release a high amount of calcium and hydroxyl ions with special antimicrobial effects (UltraCal XS™) contains propylene glycol, which facilitates the solution to penetrate through the root canal. According to Grover et al 8 , propylene glycol can easily penetrate through the apical foramen, where the solution can penetrate through the dentinal tubules better than aquadest as a solvent because of its hygroscopic effects, high molecular weight (76.09), and lower surface tension also propylene glycol has an antibacterial effect against anaerobic bacteria.…”

In vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity of calcium silicate‑based bioceramics in endodontics (Review)

“…In terms of the inflammatory response, Biodentine does not affect high expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in dPScs induced by LPS stimulation but decreases levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 (53). (191,193,194) preventing migration and fusion of osteoclast precursors via attenuation of the autophagic pathway Inhibit osteoclastogenesis dose-dependently (195,196) Although Biodentine medium is biocompatible with dPScs, when in direct contact with dPScs, Biodentine exhibits a slight toxic effect and delays closure of wound edges, which implies that direct contact between Biodentine and dPScs leads to cell death or decreased proliferation (80,81). However, unaltered expression levels of actin, tubulin and vimentin indicate that Biodentine neither induces apoptosis, inflammation and genotoxicity nor impairs cellular architecture.…”