Effects of Driving Style on Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions

Abstract

The tractive force developed by energy consumption in a car engine produces its acceleration and sustains the motion against velocity dependent (aerodynamic and rolling) resistance forces. In internal combustion engines, fuel consumption entails pollutant emissions released into the atmosphere. We studied the effect of driving style on the energy consumption and CO2 emissions in traffic cellular automata (TCA). Extending empirical relationships, we proposed models to estimate energy consumption and pollutant emissions from the TCA velocity and acceleration distributions. We assumed that TCA transition rules represent driving styles and we carried out computer simulations to obtain the velocity and acceleration distributions for different TCA to estimate the energy consumption and CO2 emission rates for the corresponding driving styles. As examples, we considered the Nagel-Schreckenberg (NS) and Fukui-Ishibashi (FI) models, and a variant (NS+FI) defined by combining the NS and FI rules. The FI driving style only revealed energy consumption and CO2 emission rates dependent on the stochastic delay ($p$) for low vehicular densities, and we detected that the larger energy consumption and CO2 emission rates were 45.4 kW and 26.7 g/s with no dependence on p. With NS and NS+FI driving styles, the larger energy consumption and CO2 emission rates occurred for small stochastic delays, 18.4 kW and 6.6 g/s and 61.1 kW and 30.2 g/s for p = 0.2. On average, for the NS, FI, and NS+FI models with $p=0.2$, we obtained energy consumptions of 1.88, 2.60, and 2.76 MJ/km, fuel consumptions of 0.08, 0.12, and 0.13 L/km, and CO2 emissions of 0.158, 0.460, and 0.562 kgCO2/km. Our results agree with those ones of petrol combustion car engines.

Embedded System for Learning Smooth and Energy-Efficient Tram Driving Techniques

“…La Delfa et al, in [18], described an eco-driving assistance system designed to reduce energy consumption. Meanwhile, the authors of article [19] developed a special mathematical model of tram propulsion to analyze the energy consumption of a tram depending on the driving style of the tram driver.…”

“…Rapid braking and acceleration when starting and traveling at too high a speed cause overloads that are uncomfortable for passengers. In addition, rapid acceleration consumes a large amount of electrical energy [18,19] that (even in the newest trams) is not fully recovered. Therefore, one way to reduce energy consumption and improve passenger comfort is to monitor and limit the accelerations that affect passengers.…”