Effects of drying on the viability of germinated and germinating conidia of Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey

Grindle, M.; Good, H. M.

doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(61)80054-5

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Fruit quality may affect the quality of inoculum produced and previous work on M. fructicola and M. laxa has shown that quality of inoculum could be greatly influenced by temperature (Phillips, 1984; Tian & Bertolini, 1999). Germinating or germinated conidia of M. fructicola are able to withstand a long duration of dry interruption (Grindle & Good, 1961; Good & Zathureczky, 1967). However, because of the rapid germination and infection process of M. fructigena conidia, dry interruptions are not likely to be important in affecting field epidemics in the UK.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of temperature and relative humidity on conidial germination and viability, colonization and sporulation ofMonilinia fructigena

Guerin

Robinson

2001

Plant Pathology

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Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the in vitro germination and viability of conidia of the apple brown rot fungus (Monilinia fructigena), and on colonization and sporulation on detached fruits by M. fructigena. Conidia only germinated under near-saturation humidity ($ 97% RH) and the rate of germination initially increased with temperature to a maximum at < 23±258C and then decreased. Conidia germinated rapidly ± more than 70% of viable conidia had germinated within 2 h at 20 and 258C. The rate of colonization on detached fruits increased log-linearly with increasing temperature. Sporulation on detached fruits was not observed at 5 or 258C; sporulation appeared to be unaffected by either temperature (10± 208C) or RH (45±98%) once infection was established. Detached conidia remained viable for a long period of time, up to 20 days, the longest assessment time in this study, depending on storage temperature (10 or 208C) and RH (45 or 85%). Temperature appeared to be more important than RH in affecting conidial viability. Low temperature and high RH resulted in reduced loss of conidial viability. Storage at 108C and 85% RH for up to 20 days appeared not to affect conidial viability. These results indicate that environmental conditions during the main UK growing seasons are unlikely to be limiting factors for the development of brown rot on apple.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of temperature and relative humidity on conidial germination and viability, colonization and sporulation ofMonilinia fructigena

Guerin

Robinson

2001

Plant Pathology

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“…Data from Grindle and Good (1961) clearly demonstrates that the survival of M. fructicola is greater at low than at high relative humidity. For instance, germinated conidia survived drying at 15% relative humidity for at least 72 hs at all temperatures, while those dried at 45-90% relative humidity survived for shorter periods.…”

Section: Availability Of Suitable Hosts In the Risk Assessment Areamentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In a study carried out under laboratory conditions (Grindle and Good, 1961) germinating conidia survived drying at 0% or 15% RH for at least 72 h. Those dried at 45-90% RH survived for shorter periods. At 30 °C no conidia survived drying for 12 h. Successively, Good and Zathureczky (1967) obtained data on the effect of drying on conidia with germ tubes of various lengths and subjected to two successive dryings.…”

Section: Dried Fruitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This parameterisation gave wrong fit only for the duration of the lag phase at 0 °C, but this inaccuracy should have low impact on the ClimPest output because that temperature level usually occurs in months when no susceptible host tissue is available. The parameter D50 was arbitrarily set at 3 h. Germinated and germinating conidia of M. fructicola show a moderate resistance to dryness (Good and Zathureczky, 1967;Grindle and Good, 1961), but there are no sufficient data to precisely estimate the spore survival under natural conditions. In the case that conidia survive dry periods longer than 3 h in the orchard, the selected parameter value may lead to underestimate the potential for spores to germinate.…”

Section: Availability Of Suitable Hosts In the Risk Assessment Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pest risk assessment ofMonilinia fructicolafor the EU territory and identification and evaluation of risk management options

Rossi¹

2011

EFSA Journal

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The EFSA Panel on Plant Health has delivered a pest risk assessment on the risk posed by Monilinia fructicola to the EU territory and has identified risk management options and evaluated their effectiveness in reducing the risk to plant health posed by this organism. The Panel has also analysed the effectiveness of the special requirements presently listed in Annex IV, Part A, Section I of Council Directive 2000/29/EC, in reducing the risk of introduction of this pest into the EU territory. The Panel concluded that the main pathways for entry into the EU territory are plant material for propagation purposes and fruit of host genera and that, with the exception of dried fruit, the probability of entry is very likely. The probability of establishment is also very likely due to the suitable environmental conditions and to the widespread presence of host species, susceptible for most of the year, on most of the risk assessment area. Cultural practices and control measures currently applied and competition with other Monilinia species cannot prevent the establishment of M. fructicola. The probability of spread is very likely because of the multiple ways of dispersal of the pest. The overall impact in the endangered area is estimated to be moderate. Neither additional cultural measures nor increased fungicide treatments would be needed to control of brown rot in the orchard after the introduction of M. fructicola. © European Food Safety Authority, 2011 KEY WORDSBlossom and twig blight, brown rot, Monilia fructicola, Prunus spp., Rosaceae, stone fruit. Having given due consideration to the evidence, the Panel concludes that: a. Entry of M. fructicola by means of plant propagation material, fresh fruits of susceptible genera and by natural means from infested European non-EU countries is very likely. It is very unlikely in case of dried fruit and natural means from infested non-European countries.In both cases the level of uncertainty is low.b. Establishment of M. fructicola in the risk assessment area is very likely with a low level of uncertainty because of the avaialability of host plants with a long period of susceptibility and of suitable environmental conditions. Competition from other Monilinia species (M. laxa and M. fructigena) and currently applied cultural practices and control measures cannot prevent the establishment of the pest. In addition, the pest has already been detected in several Member States in the risk assessment area (France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Spain).c. Spread of M. fructicola within the risk assessment area is very likely with a low level of uncertainty because of its multiple ways to spread (natural and human assisted), to the wide distribution of host species in the risk assessment area and the absence of effective barriers.

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“…A number of studies (Buller 1909(Buller , 1922Falck 1927;Weinhold 1955) have been made on the sedimentation of spores in still air and the effects of desiccation on their rates of fall, but fewer authors have investigated the effects of desiccation on other properties of spores. Grindle and Good (1961) and Good and Zathurecsky (1967) have studied the effects of drying on the viability of germinating and germinated conidia of several fungi. Von Stille (1965) demonstrated the influence of osmotic pressure on the germination of sporangia of Phytophthora infestans, an increased osmotic pressure being found to favour direct germination, whereas Orozier (1934) showed that conidia of In 1932, Angell and Hill reported that the longevity of conidia of Peronospora ta1Jacina Adam was affected by changes in humidity and storage temperature but interpretation of their results was difficult owing to the inadequate germination techniques available at that time.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Variation in Water Potential on the Viability and Behaviour of Conidia of Peronospora Tabacina Adam

Shepherd¹,

Simpson²,

Smith³

1971

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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Ab8tractA method is described for the collection of dry conidia of P. tabacina. Conidia were shown to lose or gain water according to the ambient humidity. When stored at 91'4% R.H., 50% of conidia were swollen, while all were shrunken at 88% RH. and all swollen at 94% RH. Average weight per conidium increased from 1· 04 ng at 0% R.H. to 2· 65 ng at 99% R.H.Immersion of conidia in sucrose solutions caused shrinkage and prevented germination. When transferred to water, germination occurred, indicating that reduction of germination in sucrose solutions was due to reduced water potential and not to loss of viability.Conidial viability was affected by temperature (5-25°C) and relative humidity, viability decreasing most rapidly at the higher temperatures and humidities. When conidia were allowed to start germination and then dried, they remained capable of completing germination, but their viability gradually fell to zero, the rate of fall being most rapid at high temperatures and humidities.At low relative humidities conidia were considerably more resistant to inactivation by ultraviolet irradiation than were conidia in water. Low humidities also decreased the effect of high temperatures on conidial viability.The rate of sedimentation of conidia in still air was lower at low relative humidities (0'742 em/sec at 34% RH.) than at high humidities (0'953 em/sec at 79%R.H.).The epidemiological significance of these findings is discussed.

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Effects of drying on the viability of germinated and germinating conidia of Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey

Cited by 9 publications

References 3 publications

Effects of temperature and relative humidity on conidial germination and viability, colonization and sporulation ofMonilinia fructigena

Effects of temperature and relative humidity on conidial germination and viability, colonization and sporulation ofMonilinia fructigena

Pest risk assessment ofMonilinia fructicolafor the EU territory and identification and evaluation of risk management options

Effects of Variation in Water Potential on the Viability and Behaviour of Conidia of Peronospora Tabacina Adam

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