Effects of duration of moderate increases in grain feeding on endotoxins in the digestive tract and acute phase proteins in peripheral blood of yearling calves

Abstract

Effects of duration of grain feeding on the concentration of endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in digesta throughout the digestive tract and on acute phase proteins and LPS in peripheral blood were determined in Holstein yearling calves. Twenty-five Holstein yearling steer calves received either a forage-based diet containing 92% hay and 8% of a mineral and vitamin pellet on a dry matter basis (CON) or a moderate-grain diet, obtained by replacing 41.5% of the hay in the forage-based diet with barley grain, for 3 (MG3), 7 (MG7), 14 (MG14), or 21 d (MG21) before slaughter. Immediately before slaughter, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein. Immediately after slaughter, digesta samples were collected from the rumen, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum. Rumen liquid digesta, digesta from the intestines, and peripheral blood plasma were analyzed for LPS. Peripheral blood plasma and serum were analyzed for the acute phase proteins amyloid A, haptoglobin, and LPS-binding protein. Feeding the grain diet increased the LPS concentration in rumen fluid linearly from 15,488 endotoxin units (EU)/mL for CON to 70,146 EU/mL for MG7. Concentrations of LPS in rumen fluid in MG14 and MG21 were 61,944 and 56,234 EU/mL, respectively, and did not differ. The LPS concentrations in jejunal digesta were much lower than that in digesta elsewhere in the digestive tract, which suggests that ruminal LPS is broken down in the abomasum or proximal jejunum. The concentration of digesta LPS in the ileum was higher than that of digesta elsewhere in the intestines and similar to that in rumen fluid. The duration of grain feeding increased the LPS concentration in digesta in the ileum and cecum and tended to increase that in the colon cubically. Concentrations of LPS in this part of the digestive tract were highest in the MG3 and MG21 groups. The highest concentrations of LPS in digesta in the cecum, colon, and rectum were 3.7, 3.8, and 5.6 times higher than that in CON, respectively. Grain feeding and the increase in LPS in digesta were not accompanied by an acute phase response or a detectable concentration of LPS in peripheral blood. The absence of LPS in peripheral blood and the lack of increase in acute phase proteins indicated that the grain feeding protocol used in the current study and the accompanying changes in LPS concentrations of the digesta did not result in systemic inflammation.

Effect of feeding wood kraft pulp on the growth performance, feed digestibility, blood components, and rumen fermentation in Japanese Black fattening steers

“…For instance, a decrease in the ruminal fluid pH increases the activity of LPS in the ruminal fluid, and the concentration of SAA (Gozho, Krause, & Plaizier, ; Gozho et al., ; Khafipour, Krause, & Plaizier, 2009a), Hp (Gozho et al., , ; Khafipour et al., 2009a), and LBP (Khafipour et al., 2009a) in the blood. However, it has also been reported that an increase in the activity of LPS in the ruminal fluid does not affect the blood concentration of the SAA, Hp, and LBP (Khafipour, Krause, & Plaizier, 2009b; Plaizier et al., ). These inconsistent findings regarding the relationship between LPS activity in the ruminal fluid and acute‐phase protein concentrations in the plasma may be due to the differing individual responses of rumen fluid LPS activity to the same feed (Hirabayashi et al., ).…”

β-Sitosterol Attenuates High Grain Diet-Induced Inflammatory Stress and Modifies Rumen Fermentation and Microbiota in Sheep

“…Ruminal pH is reduced lower than 5.8 during SARA due to the decreased in the abundances of cellulolytic bacteria and the increased in the proportions of starch-fermenting and lactic acid producing bacteria [2]. The lower pH in the rumen content may enhance the lysis of gram-negative bacteria which is accompanied with increasing ruminal free lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [3]. However, following the rumen epithelial barrier failed in a low-pH rumen condition, LPS may be translocated into the interior circulation of the body and triggered systemic inflammation by promoting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 [4,5].…”

“…CON: basal diets without supplement; LBS: basal diets low supplemented with 0.25 g of BSS/kg of DMI; MBS: basal diet medium supplemented with 0.5 g of BSS/kg of DMI; HBS: basal diet high supplemented with 1 g of BSS/kg of DMI. 2 SEM, standard error of the mean 3. OTU, operational taxonomic units 4.…”

“…Only bacterial genera (accounted for ≥0.1% in at least one of the samples) that affected by treatments were listed. 2 CON: basal diets without supplement; LBS: basal diets low supplemented with 0.25 g of BSS/kg of DMI; MBS: basal diet medium supplemented with 0.5 g of BSS/kg of DMI; HBS: basal diet high supplemented with 1 g of BSS/kg of DMI 3. SEM, standard error of the mean.…”

Thiamine supplementation facilitates thiamine transporter expression in the rumen epithelium and attenuates high-grain-induced inflammation in low-yielding dairy cows

“…However, overfeeding cows with grain-rich diets results in several disorders such as SARA and liver abscesses (Emmanuel et al, 2008). Feeding high amounts of rapidly fermenting carbohydrates decreased rumen pH, altered rumen microbial population, and increased concentrations of endotoxin (LPS) in rumen fluid (Khafipour et al, 2009;Plaizier et al, 2014). The altered ruminal LPS and pH could act synergistically to disrupt barrier function (Emmanuel et al, 2007), and once the epithelium has been breached, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue cells respond by triggering local inflammation via LPS/toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling Thiamine supplementation facilitates thiamine transporter expression in the rumen epithelium and attenuates high-grain-induced inflammation in low-yielding dairy cows X. H. Pan,* † L. Yang,* Y. Beckers, † F. G. Xue,* Z. W. Tang,* L. S. Jiang, ‡ 1 and B. H. Xiong* 1 pathway, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines would be excessively produced (Kurashima et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2016).…”