Effects of electronic cigarette liquid solvents propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin on user nicotine delivery, heart rate, subjective effects, and puff topography

Spindle, Tory R.; Talih, Soha; Hiler, Marzena; Karaoghlanian, Nareg; Halquist, Matthew S.; Breland, Alison; Shihadeh, Alan; Eissenberg, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.042

Cited by 69 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 161 publications

(355 reference statements)

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“…In addition, to the extent that nicotine form modifies sensory experience, it may also influence puffing and inhalation behavior and therefore exposure. For example, previous studies have shown that users modified their puffing behavior (i.e., lower puff duration and volume) when using PG instead of VG-based liquids, likely due to sensory experience 18 . We speculate that nicotine form may play a similar role; for example, users may decrease puffing intensity when using free-base nicotine, and thereby obtain less nicotine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of free-base and protonated nicotine on nicotine yield from electronic cigarettes with varying power and liquid vehicle

Talih

Salman

El-Hage

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Nicotine in electronic cigarette (ECIG) liquids can exist in a free-base or protonated (or “salt”) form. Protonated nicotine is less aversive upon inhalation than free-base nicotine, and many ECIG manufacturers have begun marketing protonated nicotine products, often with high nicotine concentrations. Regulations intended to control ECIG nicotine delivery limit nicotine concentration but do not consider nicotine form. In this study, we systematically examined the effect of nicotine form on nicotine yield for varying powers and liquid vehicles. A Kanger Subox Mini-C tank ECIG (0.5 Ω) was used to generate aerosols at varying powers (5–45 W) from liquid solutions that contained either free-base or protonated nicotine at 15 mg/g concentration, with a liquid vehicle consisting of either propylene glycol (PG) or vegetable glycerin (VG), resulting in four different solutions (free-base/PG, free-base/VG, protonated/PG, and protonated/VG). Nicotine yield was quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nicotine yields were not influenced by nicotine form under any condition investigated. At each power level, PG-based liquids resulted in approximately double the nicotine yield of VG-based liquids. Nicotine concentrations in the aerosols matched those of the parent liquids for both the PG and VG conditions. Increasing power led to greater nicotine yield across all conditions. The amount of nicotine emitted by an ECIG is independent of whether the nicotine is free-base or protonated, however the liquid vehicle has a strong effect on yield. Regulations intended to limit nicotine emissions must consider not only nicotine concentration, but also liquid vehicle and device power.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of free-base and protonated nicotine on nicotine yield from electronic cigarettes with varying power and liquid vehicle

Talih

Salman

El-Hage

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Devices were categorized into four groups consistent with previous research : (1) ‘cig‐a‐likes’, small cylindrical devices resembling combustible cigarettes with non‐refillable liquid cartridges; (2) ‘fixed‐power tanks’, devices with refillable tanks and no user‐adjustable power parameters; (3) ‘variable‐power tanks’, similar to fixed‐power devices but with the ability to change power parameters (e.g. voltage or wattage); and (4) ‘pods’, devices utilizing disposable pods with nicotine salt liquids.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty‐four‐hour subjective and pharmacological effects of ad‐libitum electronic and combustible cigarette use among dual users

et al. 2020

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Background and Aims Relative pharmacological effects of e-cigarettes and cigarettes during 24 hours of ad-libitum use have not been described. In this study, 24-hour blood plasma nicotine concentrations and 48-hour subjective effects with use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes were measured among dual users. Design Two-arm within-subject cross-over design with preferred e-cigarette or cigarette ad-libitum use over 48 hours. Setting Hospital research ward in San Francisco, California, USA. Participants Thirty-six healthy dual users of e-cigarettes and cigarettes (n = 8, 25% females). Measurements Twenty-four-hour blood plasma nicotine and cotinine concentrations and 48-hour self-reported nicotine withdrawal symptoms and rewarding effects. Findings Analyses used analysis of variance (ANOVA)-based mixed models with order of product (e-cigarette or cigarette) and product type (combustible cigarette or type of e-cigarette) as fixed effects, and subject as a repeated effect. During a 24-hour period, e-cigarettes produced lower nicotine exposure than cigarettes for the majority of users, although 25% received more nicotine from e-cigarettes, which was predicted by more frequent e-cigarette use or greater dependence. Compared to cigarette smoking, nicotine exposure for variable-power tank users was similar, while cig-a-like (t (30) = 2.71, P = 0.011, d = 0.745) and fixed-power tank users (t (30) = 3.37, P = 0.002, d = 0.993) were exposed to less nicotine. Cigarettes were rated higher than e-cigarettes on some desirable subjective effects (e.g. psychological reward, t (322) = 7.24 P < 0.001, d = 0.432), but withdrawal symptom reduction was comparable. No differences were found between e-cigarette types, but Bayes factors indicate that these measures were insensitive.Conclusions During a 24-hour period in a hospital setting in the United States, nicotine exposure for dual users of ecigarettes and cigarettes was similar when using cigarettes or variable-power tank devices only but was lower for those using cig-a-like or fixed-power devices only. Despite lower nicotine levels, all types of e-cigarette were effective in preventing withdrawal symptoms. E-cigarettes were rated less rewarding than cigarettes.

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“…Nicotine doses from e-cigarettes vary tremendously depending on characteristics of the user (experience with smoking conventional cigarettes or ecigarettes), technical aspects of the e-cigarette, and levels of nicotine in the e-liquid. Although studies of nicotine doses in youth and young adults are lacking, studies of adults have found delivery of nicotine from e-cigarettes in doses ranging from negligible to even larger than conventional cigarettes [5][6][7]. Nicotine dosing studies are necessary to compare relative toxicity among the different delivery systems.…”

Section: Electronic Cigarettes (E-cigarettes)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic cigarette extract induced toxic effect in iPS-derived cardiomyocytes

Basma

Tatineni

Dhar

et al. 2020

BMC Cardiovasc Disord

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Background: Cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for cardiac diseases. In the current study, we sought to assess the effect of electronic cigarette extract (ECE) and conventional cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on cardiomyocytes. Methods: iPSCs-derived cardiomyocytes were used in the study to evaluate cellular toxicities. Cells were exposed to either ECE or CSE for two consecutive days as an acute exposure or every other day for 14 days. Concentration of nicotine in both ECE and CSE were measured by Mass-Spectrometry and Q-Exactive-HF was used to identify other ingredients in both extracts. Fluorescent microscopy was used to measure the oxidative stress after ECE and CSE exposure. Motility and beat frequency of cardiomyocytes were determined using the Sisson-Ammons Video Analysis system. Heart failure target panel genes of exposed cardiomyocytes were compared to control unexposed cells. Results: Despite nicotine concentration in CSE being six-fold higher than ECE (50 μg in CSE and 8 μg in ECE), ECE had similar toxic effect on cardiomyocytes. Both CSE and ECE generate significant cellular reactive oxygen species. The Sisson-Ammons Video Analysis (SAVA) analysis showed significant changes in myocyte function with both CSE and ECE slowing beating and increasing cell death. Chronic exposure of both ECE and CSE significantly decreased cardiomyocytes viability long term at all doses. Target panel gene expression profiles of both ECE and CSE exposed cardiomyocytes were different from controls with distinct pattern of genes that involved cell proliferation, inflammation, and apoptosis.

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Effects of electronic cigarette liquid solvents propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin on user nicotine delivery, heart rate, subjective effects, and puff topography

Cited by 69 publications

References 161 publications

Effect of free-base and protonated nicotine on nicotine yield from electronic cigarettes with varying power and liquid vehicle

Effect of free-base and protonated nicotine on nicotine yield from electronic cigarettes with varying power and liquid vehicle

Twenty‐four‐hour subjective and pharmacological effects of ad‐libitum electronic and combustible cigarette use among dual users

Electronic cigarette extract induced toxic effect in iPS-derived cardiomyocytes

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