“…Three main types of AI-powered tools were used and analysed within the selected sample of papers. The most dominant group of papers (N=9) comprised studies based using learning apps with AI-powered modules including a chatbot (Citrayasa, 2019;Chuyen., Linh & Phuc, 2021, El Shazly, 2021Sumakul, Hamied & Sukyadi, 2022;Zhu et al, 2022, Annamalai et al, 2023Isbell, Crowther & Nishizawa, 2023;Khampusaen, Chanprasopchai, & Lao-un, 2023;Zou et al 2023).…”