Effects of enalaprilat on cardiorespiratory, hemodynamic, and hematologic variables in exercising horses

Muir, William W.; Samś, R. A.; Hubbell, J. A. E.; Hinchcliff, Kenneth W.; Gadawski, J E

doi:10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1008

Cited by 22 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Some studies have suggested that midazolam alone may increase animal agitation and aggressive behaviours in dogs (Clarke et al., 2014; Riviere and Papich, 2018). This stimulant effect is species‐dependent, so that in humans, pigs, cattle and goats, midazolam has sedative‐hypnotic effects (Mirakhur et al., 1984; Smith et al., 1991; Stegmann, 1998) but stimulant effects have been reported in dogs, cats and horses (Court & Creenblatt, 1992; Ilkiw et al., 1996; Muir et al., 1982; Siegenthaler et al., 2020). However, in the present study, midazolam did not cause any stimulating effect in any of the dogs, rather provided significant sedation, so that dogs could be easily manipulated and examined after injection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of medetomidine, midazolam, ketamine, propofol and isoflurane on spinal reflexes in healthy dogs

Saberfard

Sarchahi

Mehrjerdi

2022

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Sometimes it is necessary to use sedatives or even general anaesthetics to examine animals with spinal cord injuries. These drugs may affect spinal reflexes, alter the outcome of neurological examinations, and make it difficult to diagnose location of the lesion. Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of five pre-anaesthetic and anaesthetic agents commonly used in clinics on spinal reflexes in dogs.Methods: Ten native adult dogs were participated in three groups. In all groups, the dogs were premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam; then, in the first group, ketamine, in the second group, propofol and in the third group, isoflurane were used for induction of anaesthesia. The spinal reflexes were evaluated before injection, 15 min after medetomidine, 20 min after midazolam, and at 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after induction of anaesthesia. Results:Medetomidine did not reduce monosynaptic reflexes (patellar and cranial tibial reflexes) but increased them while it had no effect on the polysynaptic limb withdrawal reflexes. Midazolam had no effect on the spinal reflexes; Ketamine did not affect the patellar, cranial tibial and extensor carpi radialis reflexes, but reduced polysynaptic pain-related reflexes; and propofol and isoflurane abolished the all spinal reflexes. Conclusions: Medetomidine, midazolam and ketamine have no effect on reducing monosynaptic reflexes (patellar and cranial tibial reflexes) and may be used for neurological examination of restless animals in the clinic. Propofol and isoflurane eliminated all spinal reflex responses and are not suitable for neurological examinations.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of medetomidine, midazolam, ketamine, propofol and isoflurane on spinal reflexes in healthy dogs

Saberfard

Sarchahi

Mehrjerdi

2022

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The metabolism of the prodrug enalaprilat is good and so is the bond to the ACE (Muir et al 2001, Gardner et al 2004. A possible cause of varying oral bioavailability of ACE inhibitors could depend on various transport mechanisms through the intestine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the ACE inhibitor enalapril on plasma ACE concentration in horses with left side heart valve insufficiency

Gehlen¹,

Rapp²

2020

PHK

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Even though angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are often used in horses, only a few studies exist that investigate the effect of these drugs in horses suffering from heart disease. The aim of this work was to examine the effect of the ACE inhibitor enalapril on the plasma ACE concentration of horses diagnosed with a left-sided heart valve insufficiency. We hypothesize that the use of the ACE inhibitor enalapril leads to a lowered ACE concentration in the equine blood plasma of horses suffering from a left-side heart valve insufficiency. Therefor we evaluated twenty-five horses with aortic and/or mitral valve insufficiency. All animals received daily dose of enalapril per os (0.5 mg/ kg) over a period of three months. The horses were divided into two groups. Horses in Group 1 were examined immediately prior to the trials and after the three-month therapy period. Horses in Group 2 were examined a third time, three months prior to the start of treatment with enalapril. Serum ACE concentration was measured photometrically. No horse showed any signs of noticeable adverse effects. A statistically significant increase in ACE activity has been recorded in Group 1 and Group 2 under the therapy with enalapril (p = 0.00). While no treatment was performed on the horses in Group 2, no statistically significant difference in ACE activity could be shown (p = 0.00). The study showed an effect of the ACE inhibitor enalapril on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in horses diagnosed with left-side heart valve insufficiency. However, our results contradicted expectations that enalapril would lead to a lowered ACE concentration in the equine blood plasma. Further studies on cardiac efficacy would be desirable.

show abstract

“…In the past, measurements obtained from different methods in horses were compared [9,20,29] with conclusions being drawn partially based on these results. Normality ranges obtained by one method [29] were assumed to be valid for other methods, and established as reference values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several methods for measuring ACE in plasma and serum samples have been described for human beings. Some of these, which employ substrates such as hippuryl-histidyl-leucine (HHL) [14,20] and 3 H-hippuryl-glycyl-glycine [29] and use a change in ultraviolet absorbance to measure the kinetics [16], have previously been described for use in equine serum or plasma. Recently, Alves et al [1] validated the use of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) substrate o -aminobenzoic acid-FRK(Dnp)P-OH (referred to as ABZ) [2] for assaying human ACE levels and established that there is a good correlation between a spectrophotometric method employing HHL as the substrate and the fluorimetric method using the ABZ substrate in humans [1,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, Alves et al [1] validated the use of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) substrate o -aminobenzoic acid-FRK(Dnp)P-OH (referred to as ABZ) [2] for assaying human ACE levels and established that there is a good correlation between a spectrophotometric method employing HHL as the substrate and the fluorimetric method using the ABZ substrate in humans [1,27]. Other methods and their applications can be found in the literature [1,3,11,14,17,20,22,24,28,29]. The objective of this study was not to validate the methods used for equine samples, since that has been done previously.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Determination of angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity in equine blood: lack of agreement between methods of analysis

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) is a key regulator of blood pressure, electrolytes and fluid homeostasis through conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II. Recently, a genetic polymorphism of the ACE gene, which accounts for 47% of the variation of ACE activity in blood, has been advocated as a biomarker of athletic aptitude. Different methods of analysis and determination of ACE activity in plasma have been used in human and equine research without a consensus of a "gold standard" method. Different methods have often been used interchangeably or cited as being comparable in the existing literature; however, the actual agreement between assays has not been investigated. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the level of agreement between three different assays using equine plasma obtained from 29 horses. Two spectrophotometric assays using Furylacryloyl-phenylalanyl-glycyl-glycine as substrate and one fluorimetric assay utilizing o-aminobenzoic acid-FRK-(Dnp)P-OH were employed. The results revealed that the measurements from the different assays were not in agreement, indicating that the methods should not be used interchangeably for measurement of equine ACE activity. Rather, a single method of analysis should be adopted to achieve comparable results and critical appraisal of the literature is needed when attempting to compare results obtained from different assays.

show abstract

Effects of enalaprilat on cardiorespiratory, hemodynamic, and hematologic variables in exercising horses

Abstract: Enalaprilat administration almost completely inhibited ACE activity in horses without changing the hemodynamic responses to intense exercise and is unlikely to be of value in preventing exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage.

Cited by 22 publications

References 30 publications

Effect of medetomidine, midazolam, ketamine, propofol and isoflurane on spinal reflexes in healthy dogs

Effect of medetomidine, midazolam, ketamine, propofol and isoflurane on spinal reflexes in healthy dogs

Effect of the ACE inhibitor enalapril on plasma ACE concentration in horses with left side heart valve insufficiency

Determination of angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity in equine blood: lack of agreement between methods of analysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About