Effects of enforced wakefulness upon the growth and the maze-learning performance of white rats.

Licklider, J. C. R.; Bunch, M. E.

doi:10.1037/h0060623

Cited by 29 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This is surprising in view of the fact that it was demonstrated 50 years ago that, although rats could tolerate prolonged (10-to 18-wk) partial sleep restriction (sleep allowed for only 4 h per day), such loss led to reduced growth and made the rats extremely irritable and reactive (14). We have identified only one study where sleep homeostasis was specifically assessed in animals exposed to a mild chronic sleep restriction protocol (15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 79%

Repeated sleep restriction in rats leads to homeostatic and allostatic responses during recovery sleep

Kim

Laposky

Bergmann

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

114

108

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Recent studies indicate that chronic sleep restriction can have negative consequences for brain function and peripheral physiology and can contribute to the allostatic load throughout the body. Interestingly, few studies have examined how the sleep-wake system itself responds to repeated sleep restriction. In this study, rats were subjected to a sleep-restriction protocol consisting of 20 h of sleep deprivation (SD) followed by a 4-h sleep opportunity each day for 5 consecutive days. In response to the first 20-h SD block on day 1, animals responded during the 4-h sleep opportunity with enhanced sleep intensity [i.e., nonrapid eye movement (NREM) delta power] and increased rapid eye movement sleep time compared with baseline. This sleep pattern is indicative of a homeostatic response to acute sleep loss. Remarkably, after the 20-h SD blocks on days 2-5, animals failed to exhibit a compensatory NREM delta power response during the 4-h sleep opportunities and failed to increase NREM and rapid eye movement sleep times, despite accumulating a sleep debt each consecutive day. After losing Ϸ35 h of sleep over 5 days of sleep restriction, animals regained virtually none of their lost sleep, even during a full 3-day recovery period. These data demonstrate that the compensatory/ homeostatic sleep response to acute SD does not generalize to conditions of chronic partial sleep loss. We propose that the change in sleep-wake regulation in the context of repeated sleep restriction reflects an allostatic process, and that the allostatic load produced by SD has direct effects on the sleep-wake regulatory system. allostasis ͉ homeostasis ͉ sleep deprivation ͉ stress ͉ rodents

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mentioning

confidence: 79%

Repeated sleep restriction in rats leads to homeostatic and allostatic responses during recovery sleep

Kim

Laposky

Bergmann

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

114

108

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“…In fact, the opposite is true. Sleep deprived rats appear to be less fearful and more aggressive (7, 25). In addition, sleep deprivation was shown to reverse stress‐induced behavioural signs of anxiety and depression (26).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since rats normally sleep approximately 12 h each day (6), we hypothesized that 4 h of sleep would not be sufficient to fully recover from the 20 h of wakefulness. A previous study that applied a similar protocol of restricted sleep in rats showed that the animals survive well, but there was no report on the physiological consequences (7). The rats were allowed to sleep in their home cage the first 4 h of the light phase (i.e.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep Restriction Alters the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Response to Stress

Meerlo

Koehl

Borght

et al. 2002

J Neuroendocrinology

202

116

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Chronic sleep restriction is an increasing problem in many countries and may have many, as yet unknown, consequences for health and well being. Studies in both humans and rats suggest that sleep deprivation may activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, one of the main neuroendocrine stress systems. However, few attempts have been made to examine how sleep loss affects the HPA axis response to subsequent stressors. Furthermore, most studies applied short-lasting total sleep deprivation and not restriction of sleep over a longer period of time, as often occurs in human society. Using the rat as our model species, we investigated: (i) the HPA axis activity during and after sleep deprivation and (ii) the effect of sleep loss on the subsequent HPA response to a novel stressor. In one experiment, rats were subjected to 48 h of sleep deprivation by placing them in slowly rotating wheels. Control rats were placed in nonrotating wheels. In a second experiment, rats were subjected to an 8-day sleep restriction protocol allowing 4 h of sleep each day. To test the effects of sleep loss on subsequent stress reactivity, rats were subjected to a 30-min restraint stress. Blood samples were taken at several time points and analysed for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone. The results show that ACTH and corticosterone concentrations were elevated during sleep deprivation but returned to baseline within 4 h of recovery. After 1 day of sleep restriction, the ACTH and corticosterone response to restraint stress did not differ between control and sleep deprived rats. However, after 48 h of total sleep deprivation and after 8 days of restricted sleep, the ACTH response to restraint was significantly reduced whereas the corticosterone response was unaffected. These results show that sleep loss not only is a mild activator of the HPA axis itself, but also affects the subsequent response to stress. Alterations in HPA axis regulation may gradually appear under conditions of long total sleep deprivation but also after repeated sleep curtailment.

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“…Yet stress is inherent in many commonly used methods for long-term SD in animals. For instance, forced locomotion on a treadmill or in a wheel prevents rest (Licklider and Bunch, 1946;Stefurak et al, 1977), and the platform-over-water method prevents locomotion (Cohen and Dement, 1965). Both these SD methods augment corticosterone release (Murison et al, 1982;Youngblood et al, 1997;Meerlo et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Eliminating the adrenal stress response does not affect sleep deprivation-induced acquisition deficits in the water maze

et al. 2006

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Effects of enforced wakefulness upon the growth and the maze-learning performance of white rats.

Cited by 29 publications

References 10 publications

Repeated sleep restriction in rats leads to homeostatic and allostatic responses during recovery sleep

Repeated sleep restriction in rats leads to homeostatic and allostatic responses during recovery sleep

Sleep Restriction Alters the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Response to Stress

Eliminating the adrenal stress response does not affect sleep deprivation-induced acquisition deficits in the water maze

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