Effects of environmental change on malaria in the Amazon region of Brazil

Takken, Willem; Vilarinhos, Paulo de Tarso Ribeiro; Schneider, P.; Santos, Fernando J.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-3929-4_11

Environmental Change and Malaria Risk 2005

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-3929-4_11

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Effects of environmental change on malaria in the Amazon region of Brazil

Willem Takken¹,

Paulo de Tarso Ribeiro Vilarinhos²,

P. Schneider³

et al.

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Cited by 2 publications

References 19 publications

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Why It Is Difficult to Eradicate Malaria in Sub-Sahara Africa

Abdullahi

Abubakar

2019

Perspect. Global Dev. Technol.

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Malaria is a major public health problem in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA). First-time pregnant mothers and children below the age of five are the most vulnerable. Governments of the region have relied on both local and international donor agencies to fight against malaria where emphasis has been on financial interventions, provision and distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), provision of rapid-test apparatus, and drugs for first line treatment. However, the impacts of local and global efforts have been minimally felt as the burden of malaria continues unabated. The rate of malaria infections is still apocalyptically alarming. This article argues that the reason why cases and deaths attributable to malaria continue to rise is because wrong approaches are used in the so-called broad fight against malaria. Based on the assumptions of the epidemiological triangle model, the web of causation and social determinants of health, the article argues that for countries in SSA to effectively fight malaria, the nexus between the agent, host, and environment must be acknowledged. It is constructively argued that efforts to tame the scourge of malaria in SSA would be in futility where the environmental factors that produce the breeding ground for malaria are not adequately addressed. European and American experiences are compared to sufficiently substantiate this line of argument.

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Why It Is Difficult to Eradicate Malaria in Sub-Sahara Africa

Abdullahi

Abubakar

2019

Perspect. Global Dev. Technol.

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Challenges for malaria elimination in Brazil

Ferreira

Castro

2016

Malar J

179

238

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Brazil currently contributes 42 % of all malaria cases reported in the Latin America and the Caribbean, a region where major progress towards malaria elimination has been achieved in recent years. In 2014, malaria burden in Brazil (143,910 microscopically confirmed cases and 41 malaria-related deaths) has reached its lowest levels in 35 years, Plasmodium falciparum is highly focal, and the geographic boundary of transmission has considerably shrunk. Transmission in Brazil remains entrenched in the Amazon Basin, which accounts for 99.5 % of the country’s malaria burden. This paper reviews major lessons learned from past and current malaria control policies in Brazil. A comprehensive discussion of the scientific and logistic challenges that may impact malaria elimination efforts in the country is presented in light of the launching of the Plan for Elimination of Malaria in Brazil in November 2015. Challenges for malaria elimination addressed include the high prevalence of symptomless and submicroscopic infections, emerging anti-malarial drug resistance in P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax and the lack of safe anti-relapse drugs, the largely neglected burden of malaria in pregnancy, the need for better vector control strategies where Anopheles mosquitoes present a highly variable biting behaviour, human movement, the need for effective surveillance and tools to identify foci of infection in areas with low transmission, and the effects of environmental changes and climatic variability in transmission. Control actions launched in Brazil and results to come are likely to influence control programs in other countries in the Americas.

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Effects of environmental change on malaria in the Amazon region of Brazil

Cited by 2 publications

References 19 publications

Why It Is Difficult to Eradicate Malaria in Sub-Sahara Africa

Why It Is Difficult to Eradicate Malaria in Sub-Sahara Africa

Challenges for malaria elimination in Brazil

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