Effects of Environmental Exposure to Cadmium and Lead on the Risks of Diabetes and Kidney Dysfunction

Yimthiang, Supabhorn; Pouyfung, Phisit; Khamphaya, Tanaporn; Kuraeiad, Saruda; Wongrith, Paleeratana; Vesey, David A.; Gobé, Glenda C.; Satarug, Soisungwan

doi:10.3390/ijerph19042259

Cited by 35 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The Institutional Ethical Committees of Chulalongkorn University, Chiang Mai University and the Mae Sot Hospital approved the study protocol for the Mae Sot and Bangkok groups. The Office of the Human Research Ethics Committee of Walailak University in Thailand approved the study protocol for the Nakhon Si Thammarat group [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The NOAEL Equivalent of Environmental Cadmium Exposure Associated with GFR Reduction and Chronic Kidney Disease

Satarug

Djordjevic

Yimthiang

et al. 2022

Toxics

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Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metal pollutant present in virtually all food types. Health guidance values were established to safeguard against excessive dietary Cd exposure. The derivation of such health guidance figures has been shifted from the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) to the lower 95% confidence bound of the benchmark dose (BMD), termed BMDL. Here, we used the PROAST software to calculate the BMDL figures for Cd excretion (ECd) associated with a reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and an increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined as eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73m2. Data were from 1189 Thai subjects (493 males and 696 females) mean age of 43.2 years. The overall percentages of smokers, hypertension and CKD were 33.6%, 29.4% and 6.2%, respectively. The overall mean ECd normalized to the excretion of creatinine (Ecr) as ECd/Ecr was 0.64 µg/g creatinine. ECd/Ecr, age and body mass index (BMI) were independently associated with increased prevalence odds ratios (POR) for CKD. BMI figures ≥ 24 kg/m2 were associated with an increase in POR for CKD by 2.81-fold (p = 0.028). ECd/Ecr values of 0.38−2.49 µg/g creatinine were associated with an increase in POR for CKD risk by 6.2-fold (p = 0.001). The NOAEL equivalent figures of ECd/Ecr based on eGFR reduction in males, females and all subjects were 0.839, 0.849 and 0.828 µg/g creatinine, respectively. The BMDL/BMDU values of ECd/Ecr associated with a 10% increase in CKD prevalence were 2.77/5.06 µg/g creatinine. These data indicate that Cd-induced eGFR reduction occurs at relatively low body burdens and that the population health risk associated with ECd/Ecr of 2.77−5.06 µg/g creatinine was not negligible.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study analyzed archived data taken from published reports [ 17 , 18 ]. Ethical review and approval were not applicable.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The NOAEL Equivalent of Environmental Cadmium Exposure Associated with GFR Reduction and Chronic Kidney Disease

Satarug

Djordjevic

Yimthiang

et al. 2022

Toxics

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“…Data were from 603 participants (400 females and 203 males) enrolled in studies conducted in a high-exposure area of the Mae Sot District, Tak Province [ 31 ] and a low-exposure location in Nakhon-Si-Thammarat Province [ 32 ]. As a prospective cohort study in Japan [ 9 ] observed an increased mortality from kidney disease, especially in women, more females were recruited to the present study than males.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is not applicable for this study which analyzed data taken from authors’ published reports [ 31 , 32 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Risk in a Geographic Area of Thailand with Endemic Cadmium Contamination: Focus on Albuminuria

Satarug

Vesey

Gobé

et al. 2023

Toxics

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An increased level of cadmium (Cd) in food crops, especially rice is concerning because rice is a staple food for over half of the world’s population. In some regions, rice contributes to more than 50% of the total Cd intake. Low environmental exposure to Cd has been linked to an increase in albumin excretion to 30 mg/g creatinine, termed albuminuria, and a progressive reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, termed reduced eGFR. However, research into albuminuria in high exposure conditions is limited. Here, we applied benchmark dose (BMD) analysis to the relevant data recorded for the residents of a Cd contamination area and a low-exposure control area. We normalized the excretion rates of Cd (ECd) and albumin (Ealb) to creatinine clearance (Ccr) as ECd/Ccr and Ealb/Ccr to correct for differences among subjects in the number of surviving nephrons. For the first time, we defined the excretion levels of Cd associated with clinically relevant adverse kidney health outcomes. Ealb/Ccr varied directly with ECd/Ccr (β = 0.239, p < 0.001), and age (β = 0.203, p < 0.001), while normotension was associated with lower Ealb/Ccr (β = −0.106, p = 0.009). ECd/Ccr values between 16.5 and 35.5 ng/L of the filtrate were associated with a 10% prevalence of albuminuria, while the ECd/Ccr value of 59 ng/L of the filtrate was associated with a 10% prevalence of reduced eGFR. Thus, increased albumin excretion and eGFR reduction appeared to occur at low body burdens, and they should form toxicity endpoints suitable for the calculation of health risk due to the Cd contamination of food chains.

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“…Some non-essential metals can show toxic properties, even at low concentrations. Cadmium (Cd) has a long half-life period and carcinogenic effects and is included in group I, according to the international agency for research on cancer [ 4 ]. Lead (Pb) has serious chronic toxicity to organisms and is defined as probably carcinogenic to humans [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated and Rapid Easy-to-Use Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction System for Five Heavy Metals in Cereals and Feeds

Tian

Liu

Wang

et al. 2022

Foods

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A rapid, accurate, and ecofriendly pretreatment plays an extremely important role prior to ICP-MS for heavy metal analysis. In order to improve the pretreatment efficiency, a high-throughput and automatic magnetic solid-phase extraction of five heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, and Zn) was carried out by a magnet-controlled pretreatment system with an ecofriendly diluted acid as an extracting agent and carboxyl-functionalized magnetic beads as a pretreatment material. Key conditions, including the pH, adsorption time, and eluent solution, were optimized. The time for purification and enrichment was only 8 min. The adsorption capacities of the carboxyl-functionalized magnetic beads were in the range of 152~426 mg g−1. The preconcentration factor of Cu was 40, and others were 200. In the optimal conditions, the limits of detection for Mn, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Pb by ICP-MS were 3.84, 2.71, 0.16, 11.54, and 6.01 ng L−1, respectively. The percentage recoveries were in the range of 80~110%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 3%. The developed method was in good agreement with traditional standard microwave digestion. Additionally, the designed system could simultaneously process up to 24 samples within 22 min, reducing the time to less than 1 min/sample. Thus, the proposed auto-MSPE-ICP-MS method was successfully applied to analyze five heavy metals in cereals and feeds with a simple operation and high precision, safety, and reliability.

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Effects of Environmental Exposure to Cadmium and Lead on the Risks of Diabetes and Kidney Dysfunction

Cited by 35 publications

References 54 publications

The NOAEL Equivalent of Environmental Cadmium Exposure Associated with GFR Reduction and Chronic Kidney Disease

The NOAEL Equivalent of Environmental Cadmium Exposure Associated with GFR Reduction and Chronic Kidney Disease

Health Risk in a Geographic Area of Thailand with Endemic Cadmium Contamination: Focus on Albuminuria

Automated and Rapid Easy-to-Use Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction System for Five Heavy Metals in Cereals and Feeds

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