Effects of Estrogen or Estrogen/ Progestin Regimens on Heart Disease Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Women

Miller, Vincent; LaRosa, John C.; Barnabei, Vanessa M.; Kessler, Craig M.; Levin, Ginny; Smith-Roth, Ann; Griffin, M.; Stoy, Diane B.; Bush, Trudy L.; Zacur, Howard; Foster, David A.; Anderson, J.; McKenzie, Alice; Miller, S.; Wood, Peter D.; Stefanick, Marcia L.; Marcus, Robert; Akana, Allison; Heinrichs, Wm. LeRoy; Kirchner, Charlene; O’Hanlan, Katherine A.; Ruyle, Melissa; Sheehan, Mary; Judd, Howard L.; Greendale, Gail A.; Bayalos, Richard; Lozano, Kathy; Kawakami, Kathy; Barrett‐Connor, Elizabeth; Langer, Róbert; Kritz‐Silverstein, Donna; Carrion-Petersen, Mary Lou; Cavero, Carmela; Schrott, Helmut G.; Johnson, Susan R.; Feddersen, Deborah A.; Krutzfeldt, Denise L.; Benda, Jo Ann; Pauerstein, Carl J.; Trabal, Jose; Schenken, Robert S.; Stern, Michael P.; Rodriguez-Sifuentes, Mercedes; Easton, C.; Wells, H. Bradley; Espeland, Mark A.; Howard, George; Byington, Robert P.; Legault, Claudine; Shumaker, Sally A.; Hogan, Patricia E.; Hire, Don; Wasilauskas, Carol H.; James, Margaret K.; Lane, Kathy; Terrell, Tim; Reece, Stephanie; Pierce, June J; Snow, M. Elizabeth; Anthony, Susan E.; Mebane-Sims, Irma; Einhorn, Paula T.; Hunsberger, Sally; Waclawiw, Myron A.; Lippel, Ken; Lucas, Diane L.; Verter, Joel; Jackson, Sherry; Kelaghan, Joseph; Perlman, Jeffrey A.; Wolf, Pam; McGowan, Joan A.; Gordon, S; Heyse, Stephen P.; Fradkin, Judith; Sherman, Sherry; Page, Lot B.; Sorenson, Ann W.; Hulka, Barbara S.; Brody, Baruch A.; Burkman, Ronald T.; Heaney, Robert P.; Krauss, Ronald M.; Roberts, Harold R.; Wittes, Janet; Riggs, Lawrence B.; Moss, Richard L.; Albers, John J.; Marcovina, Santica; Fineberg, S. Edwin; Tracy, Russell P.; Merino, María J.; Scully, Robert E.; LiVolsi, Virginia A.; Kessler, Gerald

doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520270033028

Cited by 1,857 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…These trends suggest that estrogen plays a central role in the sex differences in CVD (Waldron 1983;Vaccarino et al 2010). Some studies that have examined the indirect effects of female hormones have found that estrogen has positive effects on lipoprotein profiles by decreasing total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels and increasing HDL cholesterol levels (Knopp et al 1994;Miller et al 1995). The direct effects of estrogen have been mainly attributed to two estrogen receptor subtypes, ERa and ERb, which are located in vascular endothelial and myocardial cells; as well as to a recently discovered third membrane-bound estrogen receptor, the G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30) (Babiker et al 2002;Mendelsohn and Karas 2005;Prossnitz and Maggiolini 2009).…”

Section: Effects Of Estrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Health and Survival

Oksuzyan

Gumà

Doblhammer

2018

A Demographic Perspective on Gender, Family and Health in Europe

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Section: Effects Of Estrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Health and Survival

Oksuzyan

Gumà

Doblhammer

2018

A Demographic Perspective on Gender, Family and Health in Europe

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“…2 The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial compared micronized progesterone with medroxyprogesterone acetate and found micronized progesterone to have an effect on the endometrium as efficacious as that of medroxyprogesterone acetate while having a less negative impact on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. 7 Recent evidence has caused concern about the cardiovascular consequences of the use of medroxyprogesterone acetate and has raised the question of selecting and optimizing progestin doses and route of administration. 8,9 Various nonoral routes of administration of progesterone have been used in treating postmenopausal Time points for progesterone levels in blood serum by immunoassay are plotted individually for all 6 women at end of first week of study.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Percutaneous absorption of progesterone in postmenopausal women treated with transdermal estrogen

Burry

Patton

Hermsmeyer

1999

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

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OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of progesterone resulting from the application of a progesterone cream to the skin. STUDY DESIGN: Six postmenopausal women were evaluated at a university clinic over a 4-week period. RESULTS: Transdermal estradiol 0.05 mg was applied 2 days before the first application of progesterone (30 mg/d) and was continued throughout the study. Patches were changed twice a week. Progesterone cream was applied once a day for 2 weeks. On day 15 and for the next 2 weeks, the progesterone cream was applied twice daily (60 mg/d). Serum 17β-estradiol and progesterone were measured at 9 different times over a 24-hour period on day 1 and at weekly intervals for the 4-week duration of the study. Serum 17β-estradiol concentrations varied among women, with mean concentrations of 40 to 64 pg/mL observed. Consistency in 17β-estradiol concentrations was found within individual persons throughout the study. Serum progesterone concentrations also varied among women, with mean concentrations ranging from 1.6 to 3.3 ng/mL. After 2 weeks of percutaneous dosing, progesterone concentrations were sustained for at least 8 hours and were consistent within a given person. An appropriate increase in progesterone concentration occurred after 4 weeks compared with 2 weeks of application. Individually, a 0.53 correlation, significant at P < .0001, was seen between the absorption of 17β-estradiol and progesterone. CONCLUSION: Significant increases in serum concentrations of progesterone were observed in all of the women studied. The percutaneous absorption of progesterone correlates strongly with the absorption of transdermal 17β-estradiol. There is variance in absorption of progesterone just as with 17β-estradiol, and the 2 measures are closely correlated. The percutaneous application of progesterone cream appears to be a safe and effective route of administration. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1504-11.)

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“…Randomized studies of estrogen have tested oral formulations [33, 21, 22], and it is possible that levels of E2, SHBG, and MetS components would be different among transdermal estrogen users. However, there is a lack of studies of the impact of transdermal estrogen upon glucose, insulin, and other MetS components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endogenous Sex Hormones, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes in Men and Women

Kim

Halter

2014

Curr Cardiol Rep

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Endogenous sex hormones predict impairments of glucose regulation. Cross-sectional studies suggest that lower levels of testosterone in men and higher levels in women increase risk of metabolic syndrome and diabetes, while lower levels of sex hormone binding globulin in both men and women increase risk of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. In a systematic review, we summarize existing longitudinal studies, which suggest similar patterns. However, these studies are often limited to a single sex steroid measure. Whether these associations are primarily a marker of adiposity, and whether these associations differ between younger eugonadal vs. older hypogonadal adults is also uncertain. The impact of exogenous sex steroid therapy may not reflect relationships between sex hormones and impaired glucose regulation that occur without supplementation. Therefore, examination of endogenous sex steroid trajectories and obesity trajectories within individuals might aid our understanding of how sex steroids contribute to glucose regulation.

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Effects of Estrogen or Estrogen/ Progestin Regimens on Heart Disease Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Women

Cited by 1,857 publications

References 47 publications

Sex Differences in Health and Survival

Sex Differences in Health and Survival

Percutaneous absorption of progesterone in postmenopausal women treated with transdermal estrogen

Endogenous Sex Hormones, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes in Men and Women

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